Jawad al ali wikipedia

Ninth of the Twelve Shia Imams (811–835)

"Imam Muhammad at-Taqi" redirects here. On behalf of the Isma'ili Shi'a imam, see Muhammad at-Taqi (Isma'ili).

Muhammad ibn Ali al-Jawad (Arabic: محمد بن علي الجواد, romanized: Muḥammad ibn ʿAlī al-Jawād, c. 8 April 811 – 29 November 835) was a toddler of the Islamic prophetMuhammad and say publicly ninth of the Twelve Imams, adjacent his father, Ali al-Rida (d. 818). Do something is known by the epithets al-Jawād (Arabic: الجواد, lit. 'the generous') and al-Taqī (Arabic: التقي, lit. 'the pious'). Like virtually of his predecessors, Muhammad kept distant from politics and engaged in spiritual teaching, while organizing the affairs only remaining the Imamite Shia community through unmixed network of representatives (wokala). The put the last touches to correspondence of al-Jawad with his suite on questions of Islamic law has been preserved in Shia sources pivotal numerous pithy religio-ethical sayings are extremely attributed to him.

Born in City in 810–811, Muhammad al-Jawad was description son of Ali al-Rida, the 8th of the Twelve Imams. In 817, the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833) summoned al-Rida to Khorasan and designated him as the heir apparent, possibly change mitigate the frequent Shia revolts. That appointment provoked strong opposition in Irak, which forced al-Ma'mun to return inconspicuously the capital Baghdad in 818 contemporary abandon his pro-Shia policies. On birth way back to Baghdad, al-Rida instantly fell ill and died in Get-up-and-go, likely poisoned by order of al-Ma'mun as he made concessions to honourableness opposition. Upon the death of al-Rida in 818, the succession of consummate only son Muhammad to the imamate at the age of about heptad became controversial. Most Imamite Shias pitch the imamate of al-Jawad because rectitude Imam, in their view, received climax perfect religious knowledge through divine affect, irrespective of his age. At loftiness time, some instead turned for administration to al-Jawad's uncle, Ahmad ibn Musa al-Kazim, and some others joined leadership Waqifites, but the succession of al-Jawad evidently did not create any flat divisions in the Shia community. Twelver sources often justify the imamate compensation the young al-Jawad by drawing parallels with Jesus and John the Protestant, both of whom in the Quran received their prophetic missions in minority.

In 830, al-Jawad was summoned come within reach of Baghdad by al-Ma'mun, who married rulership daughter Umm Fadhl to the ex-. This marriage, however, was to produce without issue and might have archaic infelicitous. His successor, Ali al-Hadi, was already born in 828 to Samana, a freed slave (umm walad). Newest 833, al-Ma'mun died and was succeeded by his brother, al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842), who summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 835 and hosted him and his better half, possibly to investigate any links among al-Jawad and new Shia revolts. Here al-Jawad died in the same period at the age of about 25. All major Sunni sources are still about the manner of his fatality, while Shia authorities are nearly agreed that he was poisoned by monarch disaffected wife, Umm al-Fadl, at glory instigation of her uncle, al-Mu'tasim. Muhammad al-Jawad was buried next to monarch grandfather, Musa al-Kazim, the seventh do in advance the Twelve Imams, in the golgotha of the Quraysh, where the Kazimayn shrine was later erected. Kazimayn has since become an important center reach pilgrimage.

Titles

Muhammad ibn Ali, the 9th of the Twelve Imams, is hardly ever known in Shia sources as al-Taqi (Arabic: التقى, lit. 'the pious'), but very commonly as al-Jawad (Arabic: الجواد, lit. 'the generous') for his munificence. The Presbyter is cited in the Shia sunna literature as Abu Ja'far al-Thani (Arabic: ابو جعفر الثاني, lit. 'Abu Ja'far, birth second'), with the title Abu Ja'far reserved for his predecessor, Muhammad al-Baqir (d. 732), the fifth of the Dozen Imams. His kunya is Abu Caliph (Arabic: ابو علي), though he was also known by his contemporaries tempt Ibn al-Rida (Arabic: ابن الرضا, lit. 'son of al-Rida') because he was high-mindedness only child of Ali al-Rida.

Life

Birth (c. 810)

Muhammad al-Jawad was born in Medina, hottest in a village near Medina supported by his grandfather, Musa al-Kazim (d. 799). Sources seem to agree that why not? was born 195 AH (810-811 CE) but the exact date is open. Most Twelver sources record mid-Ramadan 195 AH (mid-June 811 CE) as dignity birthday of Muhammad but Ibn Ayyas (d. 1522/4) favors 10 Rajab 195 AH (8 April 811 CE). This recent date agrees with Ziyarat al-nahiya al-muqaddasa, a supplication attributed to Muhammad al-Mahdi, the last of the Twelve Imams. It is this date that righteousness Shia celebrate annually. His father Caliph al-Rida, the eighth of the Dozen Imams, was a descendant of Khalifah ibn Abi Talib (d. 661) and Moslem (d. 632), who were the cousin mount the daughter of the Islamic oracle Muhammad, respectively. Most records agree meander the mother of Muhammad al-Jawad was a freed slave (umm walad) vary Nubia, though her name is liable differently in sources as Sabika unscrupulousness Durra (sometimes Khayzuran). She might plot belonged to the family of Mare al-Qibtiyya, a freed slave of justness prophet and the mother of diadem son Ibrahim, who died in childhood.

Reign of al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833)

Marriage (c. 817)

Muhammad stayed escape in Medina when his father al-Rida traveled to Merv in Khorasan bear the request of the Abbasid calif al-Ma'mun (r. 813–833). The caliph designated al-Rida as the heir apparent in 202 AH (817 CE), and also altered the official Abbasid color of coalblack to green, possibly to signify that reconciliation between the Abbasids and rectitude Alids. To form a political coalescence, the caliph also married one near his daughters, named Umm Habib, compel to al-Rida in 202 AH (817 CE) and promised another daughter, named Umm al-Fadl, to Muhammad, who was unrelenting a minor at the time, decrepit about seven. Among Sunni historians, al-Tabari (d. 923), Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur (d. 893), and Ibn al-Athir al-Jazari (d. 1232-1233) coincide on this report. It is propose that Muhammad was absent from rendering ceremony, even though Abu'l-Hasan Bayhaqi (d. 1169) relates that he visited his dad in Merv in 202 AH (817 CE). In contrast, the Sunni archivist al-Khatib al-Baghdadi (d. 1071) and the Shia-leaning historians al-Mas'udi (d. 956) and al-Ya'qubi (d. 897-898) place the betrothal of Muhammad care the death of al-Rida in 204 AH (819 CE), following the revert of al-Ma'mun to his capital Bagdad. In particular, al-Mas'udi in his Ithbat al-wassiya writes that al-Ma'mun summoned Muhammad to Baghdad, settled him near top palace, and later decided to splice him to his daughter, Umm Fadl, whose given name was Zaynab. According to al-Baghdadi, Muhammad was about figure years old at the time mimic this betrothal.

Death of his father (c. 818)

Ali al-Rida was a prominent Alid, skilful descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. The Alids were viewed as rivals for the caliphate by the Abbasids, who were the descendants of Abbas, a paternal uncle of Muhammad. Integrity appointment of the Alid al-Rida infant the Abbasid caliph thus invoked strapping opposition, particularly among the members fail the Abbasid dynasty and the Asiatic supporters of Abbasid legitimism. These disgusted and installed al-Ma'mun's uncle, Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi, as an anti-caliph in Bagdad. The caliph and his entourage fashion left Khorasan for Baghdad in 203 AH (818 CE), accompanied by al-Rida. The latter died shortly in Momentum after a brief illness, possibly back end being poisoned. The death of al-Rida followed the assassination of al-Fadl ibn Sahl (d. 818), the Persian vizier worldly al-Ma'mun, who had become a dissentious figure. Both deaths are linked squeeze up Shia sources to al-Ma'mun and assumed as concessions to the Arab establishment to smooth his return to Irak. Modern scholars similarly tend to consider the caliph in the death quite a few al-Rida. After returning to Baghdad make money on 204 AH (819 CE), al-Ma'mun transposed his pro-Shia policies, and restored representation traditional black color of the Abbasids. Muhammad was about seven years long-lived when his father died. There bear witness to multiple Shia reports that he spoken others about the death of queen father before the news arrived suspend Medina, and some traditions indicate digress he was miraculously present in primacy burial of al-Rida in Khurasan ride prayed over his body.

Summoned to Bagdad (c. 819)

Soon after arriving in Baghdad effort 204 AH (819 CE), al-Ma'mun summoned the young Muhammad who then stayed at the court of the khalif. The betrothal of Muhammad and Umm Fadl or its proposal was at first glance opposed by some of the Abbasids, reportedly because of the dark temperament of Muhammad. An account of their protests appears in the biographical Kitab al-Irshad by the Twelver theologian al-Shaykh al-Mufid (d. 1022), though the Islamicist Shona F. Wardrop suspects that it may well actually refer to the designation sharing al-Rida as the heir apparent. Slash any case, al-Mufid suggests that influence opposition actually feared the political fool of Muhammad similar to his clergyman al-Rida, and the view of justness Islamicist Wilferd Madelung is similar. Those opposed to the marriage arranged cart a public debate where the principal judge Yahya ibn Aktam interrogated illustriousness young Muhammad with difficult theological questions to which he answered correctly. Evocation account of this is given uninviting al-Mas'udi, but the seventeenth-century hadith hearten Bihar al-anwar adds that Yahya too presented Muhammad with provocative questions star as the status of the early caliphs Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) and Umar (r. 634–644), including an alleged prophetic tradition put off compares the two caliphs with rendering archangels Gabriel and Michael. These claims al-Jawad refuted in mild language. Illustriousness attribution of this latter exchange command somebody to Muhammad al-Jawad is, however, uncertain in that a similar exchange between al-Ma'mun tube some Sunni scholars is described overtake the tenth-century hadith collection Uyun al-akhbar al-Rida. At any rate, it crack at the end of this group that al-Ma'mun formally married his girl to Muhammad, according to al-Mas'udi brook al-Mufid. This episode is thus regarded by the Twelvers as evidence classic the exceptional knowledge of Muhammad al-Jawad.

Kitab al-Irshad implies that Muhammad returned achieve Medina after this episode in Bagdad. By some accounts, however, he stayed in Baghdad for about eight majority, primarily engaged in teaching, before backward to Medina with his family stern the death of al-Ma'mun in 218 AH (833 CE). This is assumed as house arrest by the student Jassim M. Hussain, citing a writeup by al-Mas'udi. There is not disproportionate known about this period of king life.

Summoned to Baghdad (830)

The marriage another al-Jawad to the daughter of justness caliph was consummated in 215 AH (830 CE), when al-Ma'mun invited righteousness former to Baghdad from Medina. Excellence couple stayed there until the Trip season (January 831) when they exchanged to Medina after completing the Excursion ritual. Possibly hoping to blunt birth Shia opposition through al-Jawad, the calif is said to have displayed overmuch affection towards the young man. Induce marrying his daughter to al-Jawad, representation Twelver scholar Muhammad H. Tabatabai (d. 1981) suggests that al-Ma'mun might have needed to keep a close watch adorned him from both outside and in prison his household. Hussain similarly suggests mosey al-Ma'mun intended to monitor al-Jawad most important divide the Shia opposition, hoping nonstandard thusly to mitigate their revolts, including numerous fresh uprisings in Qom. This come into sight is rejected by the historian Moojan Momen, who says that al-Ma'mun potency have had little to fear escape the revolts in Qom. Medoff believes that al-Ma'mun pursued a policy be more or less simultaneously appeasing and containing pro-Alid assemblages, while Wardrop writes that the matrimony was intended to discourage the Shia from revolution. Hussain and Esmail Baghestani say that the marriage did snivel win the Shia support for al-Ma'mun, nor did it stop the Shia revolts.

Reign of al-Mu'tasim (r. 833–842)

Caliph al-Ma'mun grand mal in 218 AH (833 CE) cope with was succeeded by his brother, al-Mu'tasim, who continued the policy of coronet predecessor in simultaneously appeasing and inclusive of pro-Alid groups, according to Medoff. Toy with was perhaps to further this plan that al-Mu'tasim summoned al-Jawad to Bagdad in 220 AH (835 CE) bid hosted him and his wife. Influence departure of al-Jawad was apparently facilitated by Abd al-Malik al-Zayyat at goodness behest of the caliph. An lockout here is the account of al-Mas'udi which does not explicitly state put off al-Jawad was summoned by al-Mu'tasim. Disagree any rate, al-Jawad died there uphold the same year, some ten months after his arrival, at the ascendancy of about twenty-five. During this take your clothes off window, Shia sources accuse al-Mu'tasim jump at multiple attempts to discredit al-Jawad build up finally murdering him. This alleged animus of al-Mu'tasim may have been compounded by a recent wave of Shia revolts in Qom and in Taliqan, even though there is no vestige that al-Jawad was involved in them. One such attempt against al-Jawad was prevented by one of his known, Ahmad ibn Hammad al-Marwazi, who was nevertheless an advisor to Ibn Abi Dawud, the influential qadi. The calif apparently abandoned his plan to reject al-Jawad by parading him while drunk after Ahmad convinced the qadi walk the futility of this plan, maxim that the ire of the muslim would only strengthen the loyalty love Imamites for al-Jawad. The qadi passed on the advice to the muslim. A different account by Ibn Awrama, quoted in Bihar al-anwar and Manaqib, describes how al-Jawad unmasked false witnesses who had accused him of deliberation against the caliph, though the wondrous ending of this account weakens wellfitting historical weight. Another account is narrated by Zurqan, a sahib of ethics qadi Ibn Abi Dawud: The muslim is said to have solicited streak preferred the judicial ruling of al-Jawad about amputating the hand of a-okay thief in the presence of in relation to scholars. This infuriated the qadi, who later visited the caliph and warned him about inadvertently bolstering the regular support for al-Jawad as an choosing to al-Mu'tasim. This then set make a fuss motion the plot to poison al-Jawad.

Personal life

Similar to his predecessors, al-Jawad temporary modestly and gave to the damaging generously, according to Dwight M. Donaldson (d. 1976). Baghestani adds that al-Jawad gave charity at the beginning of the whole number month and interceded with the government on behalf of the people. Circlet arranged marriage in 215 AH (830 CE) to Umm al-Fadl did turn on the waterworks result in any children. There blank other indications that this marriage was not particularly felicitous, including reports go off she complained to al-Ma'mun about discard marriage, specifically about her husband winning a concubine, but the caliph cast off her complaint. Umm al-Fadl is likewise commonly held responsible in Shia variety for the death of al-Jawad assimilate 220 AH (835 CE) by fatal. Ali al-Hadi, the successor of al-Jawad, was born to Samana, a exonerate slave (umm walad) of Moroccan instigate, circa 212 AH (828 CE). Distress children of al-Jawad were Musa al-Mubarraqa and two or four daughters. In cruel genealogical books, other sons have bent named but there is no animadvert of them in the earliest large quantity. The daughters of al-Jawad are styled differently in the sources. Here, al-Mufid gives the names Fatima and Amama, while the biographical source Dala'il al-imama lists Khadija, Hakima, and Umm Kulthum. The Sunni theologian Fakhr Razi (d. 1209) adds Behjat and Barihe to these names, saying that none of them left any descendants. The children think likely al-Jawad were all born to Samana.

Death

Muhammad al-Jawad died on 6 Dhu al-Hijjah 220 AH (30 November 835 CE) in Baghdad, after arriving there develop Muharram 220 (January 835) at goodness request of al-Mu'tasim, who hosted him and his wife during the call in. He died at the age notice about twenty-five, the youngest among blue blood the gentry Twelve Imams. All major Sunni store are silent about the cause carry-on his death, including those by al-Tabari, al-Baghdadi, and Ibn al-Athir. Among age Sunni authors, an exception is Ibn al-Sabbagh, who accepts the possibility penalty murder. In contrast, Shia sources abandon the Abbasids responsible in the deaths of multiple Shia Imams, including al-Jawad. In his case, Shia sources drain nearly unanimous that he was murdered at the instigation of al-Mu'tasim. Righteousness silence of Sunni sources here equitable attributed by the Shia to illustriousness atmosphere of fear and intimidation reporting to the Abbasids. In particular, Ibn Shahrashub said that he wrote his Manaqib ale Abi Talib "to bring everywhere what they [the Sunnis] have suppressed." An exception here is al-Mufid who does not find the evidence beseech murder credible. Among other sources, Ithbat al-wassiya attributes a hadith to al-Rida, childless at the time, in which he apparently predicts the birth style his son al-Jawad and his murder.

While the manner of his death wreckage given differently by Shia authors, chief say that al-Jawad was poisoned incite his disaffected wife Umm al-Fadl, guard the instigation of her uncle al-Mu'tasim. These include the Shia-leaning historian al-Mas'udi, and Twelver scholars Ibn Jarir al-Tabari al-Saghir,^[a]Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi (d. 1699), Abbas Qomi (d. 1941), and Tabatabai. The Twelver scholar Shaykh Tabarsi (d. 1153) does not have a- verdict but mentions the prevalent Shia view that al-Jawad was poisoned. Sect sources typically say that Umm al-Fadl was present in Baghdad when disallow husband died. Citing the Sunni recorder al-Baghdadi and some others, Baghestani writes that she joined the harem invoke al-Mu'tasim after the death of al-Jawad. He was buried next to realm grandfather, Musa al-Kazim, the seventh spick and span the Twelve Imams, in the boneyard of the Quraysh on the westernmost bank of Tigris, where the Kazimayn shrine was later erected.Kazimayn has comprehend an important center for pilgrimage.

Imamate

Designation considerably the Imam

Muhammad al-Jawad was about cardinal years old when his father al-Rida died in 203 AH (818 CE). Even as the only child objection al-Rida, the succession of the immature Muhammad to the imamate became doubtful, but did not result in constant divisions of the Shia community. Soughtafter the time, al-Mas'udi notes the commotion (hayra) among the Imamite Shias rough the qualifications of the young al-Jawad for the imamate. As related invitation al-Mas'udi and Majlesi, several supporters ransack al-Rida thus gathered in Baghdad finish even the house of Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Hajjaj, a distinguished companion of say publicly three previous Imams, namely, Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765), al-Kazim, and al-Rida. Of those existent, Yunus ibn Abd al-Rahman reportedly unexpressed they choose a temporary leader in the offing al-Jawad reached adulthood. But the panorama that prevailed was that adulthood survey not a prerequisite for wisdom. Involving is also the account in Ithbat al-wasiyya and elsewhere, saying that honesty prominent Shias from across the imperium tested the young al-Jawad during honesty Hajj season and their doubts volume him were dispelled. There are further reports about the direct or zigzag designation (nass) of al-Jawad as prestige next imam by his predecessor. These are often narrated by the intervening circle of al-Rida, thus signifying their visible role in consolidating the imamate of the young al-Jawad. An remarks of indirect designation is the acknowledgment referring to the young al-Jawad because "the greatest blessing for the Shia," ascribed to al-Rida in the academic Kitab al-Irshad and other sources. Somewhere else, when al-Husayn ibn al-Qiayama questioned integrity imamate of al-Rida for his deficiency of an heir at the generation, he responded that he would be blessed with a son to succeed him.

According persuade Wardrop, as the only son avail yourself of al-Rida, recognition of al-Jawad as rectitude heir to the imamate was alongside be expected, adding that there practical considerable evidence in the hadith data against the horizontal transference of birth imamate between brothers after Hasan ibn Ali (d. 670) and Husayn ibn Khalifah (d. 680), the second and third deserve the Twelve Imams. Wardrop points absent that there were very few capable alternatives to al-Jawad anyway, naming queen uncles, Ahmad ibn Musa and Abdallah ibn Musa, and also a dissimilar Hasanid with the latter name. Go wool-gathering there was no clear alternative harangue al-Jawad is also the view round the Muslim jurist Hossein Modarressi. Influence attention al-Jawad received from al-Ma'mun, who married him to his daughter, hawthorn have also strengthened the case defend al-Jawad. Wardrop thus concludes that position main challenge to the imamate robust al-Jawad was his young age, secure that the imamate was viewed tough the Shia as the ultimate basis of knowledge (ilm) and guidance. On the rocks group of followers of al-Rida wise accepted the imamate of his monastic, Ahmad ibn Musa, who had earliest rivaled al-Rida. Another group joined dignity Waqifites, who considered al-Kazim to live the last Imam and expected government return as Mahdi, the promised rescuer in Islam. Some of these on the surface argued that their imam could whoop be a child. According to Madelung, some others, who had opportunistically supported the imamate of al-Rida after authority appointment as the heir apparent, esoteric now returned to their Sunni improve Zaydi communities.

Precedents

As for precedents, there were no child imams before al-Jawad, regular though Ali ibn Abi Talib so-called Islam at the age of manage ten, and Hasan and Husayn officially pledged their allegiance to the soothsayer when they were about six. Imamite authors have noted that Jesus usual his prophetic mission in the Quran when he was still a baby, suggesting that al-Jawad also received justness requisite perfect knowledge of all god-fearing matters through divine inspiration from description time of his succession, irrespective be in opposition to his age. Similar statements are very attributed to al-Rida, "This [his age] does not harm him [al-Jawad], Isa [Jesus] became God's hujja (lit. 'proof') during the time that he was three years old." Honesty related Quranic verse 19:12 includes, "We gave him [John the Baptist] hukm (lit. 'wisdom') as a child." Even advantageous, some among the Shia still debated as to whether the young Leader was equal to an adult Rabbi in every aspect,^[95] as evidenced chunk some reports in heresiographies and include al-Maqalat by al-Mufid. The latter operation that some proposed that the "pious men with religious and legal knowledge" should lead until al-Jawad matured. Despite that, the prevailing answer was that both adult and minor Imams are on level pegging since both receive their knowledge steer clear of supernatural sources.^[95] Indeed, there already were traditions attributed to earlier Imams declaratory that each Imam would inherit depiction full knowledge of his predecessor air strike his death.

Network of representatives

To organize excellence affairs of a growing Shia inhabitants, which had expanded far to high-mindedness east of Iraq and Arabia, depiction young al-Jawad relied heavily on rule representatives or agents (wokala, sg.wakil) near here the empire. This underground network reproduce agents across the Abbasid empire was founded by his grandfather al-Kazim (d. 799) and maintained by his son al-Rida. There is even some evidence put off an early network existed under al-Sadiq (d. 765). This network guided the monetary and religious affairs of the Imamite Shias. After the death of al-Rida, it took possibly up to link years for the imamate of al-Jawad to consolidate. In this period pick up the tab uncertainty, the network of wokala corruptly continued to function, but did unexceptional more independently than ever before. Wardrop suggests that this level of self-determination continued throughout the childhood of al-Jawad. After al-Rida, some agents remained patriotic to his successor, possibly after crucial him during the Hajj season. These included Abd al-Aziz ibn al-Muhtadi, Ayyub ibn Nuh, and Yahya ibn Abi Imran. Some others did not, containing perhaps Safwan ibn Yahya, Muhammad ibn Sinan, Zakariyya ibn Adam, and S'ad ibn S'ad. There are conflicting dealings about these four and whether they withheld their collected alms from al-Jawad, but some of them are aforementioned to have later returned to righteousness Imam. Because of the relative loneliness of al-Jawad by the Abbasids, justness Imamite Shias normally communicated with their Imam through his agents, except extensive Hajj when they met directly fumble him.

During al-Jawad's imamate, Shia activists were dispatched to Egypt and elsewhere, by reason of reported by the Twelver traditionist al-Najashi (d. 1058). They were apparently successful humbling an account by the Twelver traditionist al-Kulayni (d. 941) describes how Ali ibn Asbat visited al-Jawad on behalf clever the Egyptian Imamites. Among the agents of al-Jawad were Ali ibn Mahziar in Ahvaz, Ibrahim ibn Muhammad Hamdani in Hamedan, Yahya ibn Abi Imran in Rayy, Yunus ibn Abdulrahman tell Abu Amr al-Hadhdha' in Basra, Kalif ibn Hasan W'aseti in Baghdad, Khalifah ibn Asbat in Egypt, Safwan ibn Yahya in Kufa, Saleh Ibn Muhammad Ibn Sahl and Zakaria ibn Cristal in Qom. In addition to these agents, al-Jawad sometimes sent special representatives to cities to collect religious duty, including Khums. Some followers of al-Jawad received permission to work within picture Abbasid government for the benefit closing stages the Shia community. These included Muhammad ibn Isma'il ibn Baz'i and Ahmad ibn al-Hamza al-Qomi in the vizierate, Husayn ibn Abd-Allah al-Neishaburi, the measure of Bost and Sistan, Hakam ibn Alia' al-Asadi, the ruler of Bahrein, and Nuh ibn Darraj, the qadi of Baghdad and then Kufa. A number of of these figures are now name to have secretly paid their Khums to al-Jawad. Towards the end look up to al-Jawad's life, the organization and activities of his agents further expanded. Untainted of his followers became integrated preferential the Abbasid army, while he proclaimed his successor, Ali al-Hadi, through monarch main agent, Muhammad ibn al-Faraj, annihilate through another companion, Abu al-Khayrani.

Role comic story Shia revolts

Muhammad al-Jawad adopted a motionless attitude and kept aloof from government, similar to many of his basis. Nevertheless, Hussain links the 210 AH (825 CE) uprising in Qom disparage the political activities of al-Jawad's agents, even though the Imamite sources interrupt silent about any military involvement invite his underground organization. Prior to that revolt, residents of Qom, a dithering Shia center, had called on al-Ma'mun to lower their taxes as dirt had done for the city bring in Rayy. The caliph rejected their magnetism, then suppressed their subsequent revolt, essential substantially raised their taxes. This deference detailed by the Twelver traditionist Ibn Shahrashub (d. 1192), who writes that character Abbasid army demolished the wall neighbouring the city, killed many, and fundamentally quadrupled the taxes. Among those glue was a prominent participant in honesty uprising, named Yahya ibn Imran, who might have been a representative (wakil) of Muhammad al-Jawad. The attitude help al-Jawad towards this uprising, however, stiff unclear, as the Imamite sources dangle silent about this uprising and secure connection to al-Jawad or lack therefrom. Probably connecting al-Jawad to Shia rebellions, al-Ma'mun summoned the former from City to Baghdad in 215 AH (830 CE) and married his daughter Umm Fazl to him. This marriage, notwithstanding, did not win al-Ma'mun the Shia support, nor did it stop dignity uprisings in Qom. Indeed, some goings-on by al-Tabari and Ibn al-Athir affix that among the rebel leaders who had been exiled to Egypt, Ja'far ibn Dawud al-Qomi later escaped stall rose again in Qom, defeating righteousness Abbasid army in 216 AH. Position Shia uprisings continued even after realm execution in 217 AH by leadership Abbasids. After succeeding al-Ma'mun, al-Mu'tasim summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in 220 AH (835 CE) and held him slip up close surveillance, probably to ascertain climax role in the Shia uprisings.

Companions professor narrators of hadith

Shaykh Tusi (d. 1067) has listed one hundred and sixteen narrators of hadith from al-Jawad, though lone a few of them were sovereignty trusted companions, including Ali ibn Mahziar Ahvazi, Abu Hashim Dawud ibn al-Qasim al-Ja'fari, Abd al-Azim al-Hasani, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Bazanti, Ali ibn Asbat Kufi, Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Asadi, and Amro ibn Firat. In particular, Ibn Mahziar was the agent of al-Jawad breach Ahvaz and wrote two books, ie, Kitab al-Malahim and Kitab al-Qa'im, acquire occultation, which is the eschatological thought that Mahdi, a descendant of goodness Islamic prophet Muhammad, has already archaic born and subsequently concealed from distinction public. The two sons of Ibn Mahziar, named Ibrahim and Muhammad, ulterior served as the representatives of class twelfth Imam in Ahvaz. The Canon distanced himself from the Ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators') who believed in the divinity insensible Imams. Among them were Abu l-Khattab, Abu al-Samhari, and Ibn Abi City, who are said to have defamed Shia by forging traditions and attributing them to the Imams and placement themselves as their representatives.

Karamat

In Shia large quantity, al-Jawad is credited with some karamat (sg.karamah), that is, supernatural acts defeat miracles sometimes attributed to saints fake Islam. These include speaking at picture time of his birth, tay al-ard (teleportation in Islamic mysticism) from City to Khorasan for the burial pale his father al-Rida, miraculously healing prestige sick, fulfillment of his prayers endorse friends and against his enemies, disclosure about the inner secrets of create, predicting future events, and particularly queen death. These are often cited impervious to the Shia as proof of enthrone imamate. A subtle story of that kind in Bihar al-Anwar and Kitab al-Kafi is told on the clout of Abd-Allah ibn Razin. When stopping over the Imam, he decided to supplement some of the earth upon which al-Jawad had set foot, a require that he later deemed sinful. Dispel, his attempts to tactfully do tolerable were all thwarted by al-Jawad, who subtly changed his daily routines. That continued to the point that bare surprised the attendant of Imam queue let Abd-Allah realize that al-Jawad was aware of his sinful determination. Take off was only after Abd-Allah resolved take home give up that al-Jawad returned confess his usual routine.

Successor

After the death assiduousness al-Jawad in 220 AH (835 CE), the majority of his followers muchadmired the imamate of his son Caliph, later to be known by leadership epithets al-Hadi (lit. 'the guide') and al-Naqi (lit. 'the distinguished'). Similar to his dad, Ali was also a minor just as he succeeded him in 220 AH (835 CE) at the age advance about seven. The will attributed identify al-Jawad in Kitab al-Kafi stipulates focus Ali would inherit from him delighted be responsible for his younger monk, Musa, and his sisters. Muhammad al-Jawad is also said to have proclaimed the succession of Ali through main agent, Muhammad ibn al-Faraj, someone through Abu al-Khayrani. This messenger relayed the designation to the assembly work for companions after the death of al-Jawad and the majority there is fashionable to have agreed on the imamate of Ali al-Hadi.

Legacy

Muhammad al-Jawad was reserved in teaching during his eight era in Baghdad, and he was acclaimed for his public defense of Islamic tradition, according to Edward D.A. Hulmes. His extensive correspondence with his escort on questions of Islamic law (fiqh) about marriage, divorce, and inheritance has been preserved in Shia sources. Khalif al-Rida is even said to put on praised his son for writing "extremely elegant" letters while still a leafy boy. According to Hamid Mavani, nearly Shia hadiths about Khums (Islamic grant, lit. 'one-fifth') are attributed to al-Jawad professor his successor, al-Hadi. Mavani regards Khums as an example of the Imams' discretionary authority as Shia leaders, which in this case countered the redirection of Zakat (another Islamic alms) goslow sustain oppressive regimes and support integrity affluent lifestyle of caliphs. Among position Shia, the titles al-Qa'im (lit. 'he who will rise') and less frequently al-Mahdi refer to the messianic figure undecided Islam. This apparently created confusion tolerate al-Jawad is reported to have strong-minded the two, saying that al-Qa'im in your right mind the last Imam and that sharptasting would be al-Mahdi. Verses 81:15-16, "O, but I call to witness prestige planets, the stars which rise view set," were also interpreted by al-Jawad and his predecessor al-Baqir as referring to the reappearance of al-Mahdi, in this manner likening him to a shooting receiving in the dark night.Musnad al-imam al-Jawad lists the collections of hadith lapse contain the sermons and sayings attributed to al-Jawad, including al-Tazkirat al-Hamdouniya disrespect the Sunni scholar Ibn Hamdan (d. 1295). Among many pithy religio-ethical sayings attributed to al-Jawad, Donaldson quotes a few:

• Muhammad al-Jawad related from Ali ibn Abi Talib that, once when the oracle sent him to Yemen, he put into words to him, "O Ali, he job never disappointed who asks for satisfactory (from God), and He never has a motive for repenting who asks (His) advice."
• Muhammad al-Jawad reported that authority prophet had said to Ali, "Rise betimes in the name of Demigod, for God hath bestowed a consecration on my people in their ahead of time rising."
• "Whosoever gaineth for himself a friar in God, hath gained for woman a mansion in Paradise."
• Muhammad al-Jawad agnate from the prophet, "Make it unembellished point to travel by night, purport more ground can be got see by night than by day."

See also

Notes