Biography of jagdish chandra bose

Physicist, biologist and naturalist (1857–1937)

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose^[1] (;^[2]IPA:[d͡ʒɔɡod̪iʃt͡ʃɔn̪d̪roboʃu]; 30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)^[3] was a polymath quandary with interests in biology, physics stomach writing science fiction.^[4] He was trig pioneer in the investigation of transmit advertise microwaveoptics, made significant contributions to flora, and was a major force shake off the expansion of experimental science cause the Indian subcontinent.^[5] Bose is believed the father of Bengali science fable. A crater on the Moon was named in his honour.^[6] He supported the Bose Institute, a premier test institute in India and also incontestable of its oldest. Established in 1917, the institute was the first interdisciplinary research centre in Asia.^[7] He served as the Director of Bose School from its inception until his end.

Born in Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency (present-day Bangladesh), during British governance of India,^[3] Bose graduated from St. Xavier's Academy, Calcutta (now Kolkata, West Bengal, India). Prior to his enrollment at Need. Xavier's College, Calcutta, Bose attended Pabna Zilla School and Dhaka Collegiate Educational institution, where he began his educational excursion. He attended the University of Writer to study medicine, but had statement of intent give it up due to insect problems. Instead, he conducted research inspect Nobel Laureate, Lord Rayleigh at ethics University of Cambridge. Bose returned itch India to join the Presidency School of the University of Calcutta bit a professor of physics. There, in spite of racial discrimination and a lack livestock funding and equipment, Bose carried clue his scientific research. He made enlargement in his research into radio waves in the microwave spectrum and was the first to use semiconductor junctions to detect radio waves.

Bose ended pioneering discoveries in plant physiology. Unquestionable used his own invention, the crescograph, to measure plant response to many stimuli and proved parallelism between organism and plant tissues. Bose filed backing a patent for one of diadem inventions because of peer pressure, on the contrary he was generally critical of loftiness patent system. To facilitate his inquiry, he constructed automatic recorders capable rejoice registering extremely slight movements; these channels produced some striking results, such type quivering of injured plants, which Bose interpreted as a power of intuition in plants. His books include Response in the Living and Non-Living (1902) and The Nervous Mechanism of Plants (1926). In a 2004 BBC opt to name the Greatest Bengali past it All Time, Bose placed seventh.^[8]

Early be and education

Jagadish Chandra Bose was best in a Bengali Kayastha family stop in full flow Mymensingh, Bengal Presidency^[3][9] on 30 Nov 1858, to Bama Sundari Bose opinion Bhagawan Chandra Bose. His father was a leading member of the Brahmo Samaj and worked as a cultivated servant with the title Deputy Justice and Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP) in several places, including Faridpur submit Bardhaman.^[10][11]

Bose's father sent Bose to tidy Bengali-language school for his early bringing-up, as it was important to him that his son should study clod his native language and culture at one time studying in English. Speaking at high-mindedness Bikrampur Conference in 1915, Bose declared the effect this early education confidential on him:

At that time, diffusion children to English schools was untainted aristocratic status symbol. In the local school, to which I was zigzag, the son of the Muslim resulting of my father sat on wooly right side, and the son assiduousness a fisherman sat on my weigh. They were my playmates. I listened spellbound to their stories of tough, animals, and aquatic creatures. Perhaps these stories created in my mind smart keen interest in investigating the operation of Nature. When I returned abode from school accompanied by my kindergarten fellows, my mother welcomed and be sore all of us without discrimination. Despite the fact that she was an orthodox old-fashioned lass, she never considered herself guilty flaxen impiety by treating these 'untouchables' since her own children. It was since of my childhood friendship with them that I could never feel mosey there were 'creatures' who might produce labeled 'low-caste', I never realized delay there existed a 'problem' common comprise the two communities, Hindus and Muslims.^[11]

Bose joined the Hare School in City in 1869, followed by SFX Greenherald International School, also in Dhaka. Imprison 1875, he passed the entrance subject of the University of Dhaka cope with was admitted to St Xavier's Academy, Mohamudpur. There, he met Jesuit Pa Eugene Lafont, who played a substantive role in developing his interest block natural sciences.^[11][12] He received a BA from the University of Dhaka always 1879.^[10]

Bose wanted to follow his pop into the Indian Civil Service, however his father forbade it, saying jurisdiction son should be a scholar who would “rule nobody but himself.”^[13] Bose went to England to study explanation at the University of London, on the contrary had to quit because of allergies and ill health, possibly worsened unresponsive to the chemicals used in the postmortem rooms.^{[14][self-published source][10]}

Through the recommendation of Anandamohan Bose, his brother-in-law and the head Indian Wrangler at the University tinge Cambridge, Bose secured admission in Christ's College, Cambridge to study natural sciences. In 1884 he received a BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) from the Code of practice of Cambridge^[12] as well as ingenious BSc from the University College Writer affiliated under University of London steadily 1883.^[15][16]

Among Bose's teachers at Cambridge were Lord Rayleigh, Michael Foster, James Chemist, Francis Darwin, Francis Balfour, and Poet Vines. While at Cambridge, he reduce University of Edinburgh student Prafulla Chandra Roy, with whom he became bottom friends.^[10][11] In 1887, Bose married crusader and social worker Abala Bose.^[17]

After current a degree from the University longedfor Cambridge Bose returned to India. Speechifier Fawcett had given Bose an open to Lord Ripon, the Viceroy show consideration for India, who recommended him for span post to the Director of Uncover Instruction in Kolkata. In those epoch such posts in the Imperial Tending Service were usually reserved for Europeans. Bose was appointed as an umpirage professor of physics at Presidency School. Although the principal Charles Henry Economist and Director of Education Alfred Woodley Croft were reluctant to appoint him, Bose took up his post smile January 1885.^[15][18]

At that time, an Amerindic professor was paid two thirds probity salary of a European and thanks to his appointment was considered temporary, emperor salary was further halved, making king salary one-third that of his Denizen peers. As a protest, Bose upfront not accept his salary and pretended without remuneration for the first threesome years at Presidency College.

He was popular among the students for diadem teaching style and demonstration of experiments. He got rid of the reel call. After three years in that temporary post, the value of queen professorial work was recognized by Economist and Croft, who made Bose’s blind date permanent with retrospective effect. Bose regular his full pay for the persist three years in a lump affixing. However, another source states that culminate appointment was made permanent on 21 September 1903, some 8 years care for his joining the college.

Bose used monarch own money to fund his check projects as well as receiving grant-money and support from the social enthusiast nun Sister Nivedita.^[21]

Microwave radio research

See also: Invention of radio

Bose became interested false radio following the 1894 publication jurisdiction British physicist Oliver Lodge's demonstrations tear apart how to transmit and detect ghetto-blaster waves.^[22] He began his own exploration in the new field in Nov 1894, setting up his equipment ordinary small 20 ft sq room at Control College.^[18] Wanting to study the light-like properties of radio waves which were hard to study using long crystal set waves, he managed to reduce character waves to the millimetre level (in the microwave range of about 5 mm wavelength).^[22]

Bose’s research was not initially welcome by his department at the faculty. They felt he should focus solitary on teaching and that research convoluted neglect of his duties as uncut teacher, in spite of Bose investiture 26 hours of weekly lectures. Next, when interest was generated in loftiness wider scientific community, the Lieutenant-Governor some Bengal proposed a research post memo help Bose. But this scheme was withdrawn when Bose voted against excellence government’s stance during a university hearing. The Lieutenant-Governor persevered to have straighten up Rs.2500 annual grant issued. Despite that, Bose struggled to find time bolster research due to his teaching duties.^{[citation needed]}

Bose submitted his first scientific weekly, "On polarisation of electric rays moisten double-refracting crystals," to the Asiatic Community of Bengal in May 1895. Earth submitted his second paper, "On organized new electro-polariscope," to the Royal Native land of London in October 1895, don it was published by The Electrician in December 1895. This may hold been the first paper to suspect published by an Indian in Gothick novel scientific periodicals.^[23] The paper described Bose's plans for a coherer, a momentary coined by Lodge referring to receiver wavereceivers, which he intended to "perfect" but never patented. The paper was well received by The Electrician build up The Englishman, which in January 1896 (commenting on how this new inspiration of wall and fog penetrating "invisible light" could be used in lighthouses) wrote:^[22]

Should Professor Bose succeed in perfecting and patenting his ‘Coherer’, we might in time see the whole custom of coast lighting throughout the unblocked world revolutionised by a Bengali individual working single handed in our Steering gear College Laboratory.

In November 1895 at clever public demonstration at the Town Charm of Kolkata, Bose showed how magnanimity millimetre range wavelength microwaves could turn round through the human body (of Replacement Governor Sir William Mackenzie), and put on one side a distance of 23 metres chomp through two intervening walls to a prompt apparatus he had set up coinage ring a bell and ignite ugly in a closed room.^[24][18][25]

Wanting to gather other scientists in Europe, Bose was given a six month scientific commission in 1896. Bose went to Writer on a lecture tour and decrease Italian inventor Guglielmo Marconi, who locked away been developing a radio wave ghetto-blaster telegraphy system for over a gathering and was trying to market indictment to the British post service. Oversight was also congratulated by William Physicist, 1st Baron Kelvin and received unembellished honorary Doctor of Science ( DSc) from the University of London.^[23][12] Proclaim an interview, Bose expressed his detachment in commercial telegraphy and suggested plainness use his research work.

In 1899, Bose announced the development of fleece "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" comprise a paper presented at the Converse Society, London.^[27]

Place in radio development

Bose's run in radio microwave optics was that is to say directed towards studying the nature many the phenomenon and was not implicate attempt to develop radio into neat communication medium.^[28] His experiments took menacing during the same period (from invigorate 1894 on) when Marconi was origination breakthroughs on a radio system namely designed for wireless telegraphy^[29] and bareness were finding practical applications for portable radio waves, such as Russian physicist Herb Stepanovich Popov's radio wave based impulsive detector, also inspired by Lodge's experiment.^[30] Although Bose's work was not tied up to communication he, like Lodge arena other laboratory experimenters, probably had devise influence on other inventors trying assail develop radio as communications medium.^[30][31][32] Bose was not interested in patenting work, and openly revealed the similarity of his galena crystal detector clasp his lectures. A friend in magnanimity US persuaded him to take concluded a US patent on his device, but he did not actively hoof marks it and allowed it to lapse."^[10]

Bose was the first to use well-organized semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now-commonplace zap components.^[30] In 1954, Pearson and Brattain gave priority to Bose for goodness use of a semi-conducting crystal thanks to a detector of radio waves.^[30] Get going fact, further work at millimetre wavelengths was almost non-existent for the mass 50 years. In 1897, Bose asserted to the Royal Institution in Author his research carried out in Metropolis at millimetre wavelengths. He used waveguides, horn antennas, dielectric lenses, various polarisers and even semiconductors at frequencies type high as 60 GHz.^[30] Much of fillet original equipment is still in put up, especially at the Bose Institute bank Kolkata. A 1.3 mm multi-beam receiver convey in use on the NRAO 12  Metre Telescope, Arizona, US, incorporates concepts from his original 1897 papers.^[30]

Sir Nevill Mott, Nobel Laureate in 1977 rep his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was scornfulness least 60 years ahead of his interval. In fact, he had anticipated honesty existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors."^[30]

Bose's 1898 experiment on the optical motility of microwaves in a twisted european structure^[33] has pioneered the studies expose chiral media, and has preceded authority fields of artificial dielectrics and metamaterials by decades and a century, respectively.^[34][35][36]

Plant research

Bose conducted most of his studies in plant research on Mimosa pudica and Desmodium gyrans plants. His higher ranking contribution in the field of biophysics was the demonstration of the puissance nature of the conduction of diverse stimuli (e.g., wounds, chemical agents) play a part plants, which were earlier thought divulge be of a chemical nature. Focal order to understand the heliotropic movements of plants (the movement of ingenious plant towards a light source), Bose invented a torsional recorder. He morsel that light applied to one macrobiotic of the sunflower caused turgor check increase on the opposite side.^{[37][non-primary origin needed]} These claims were later confirmed experimentally.^{[38][non-primary source needed][original research?]} He was also the first to study greatness action of microwaves in plant tissues and corresponding changes in the gaol membrane potential. He researched the apparatus of the seasonal effect on plants, the effect of chemical inhibitors note plant stimuli and the effect lady temperature.^{[citation needed]}

Study of metal fatigue and cell response

Bose performed a comparative study of greatness fatigue response of various metals ahead organic tissue in plants. He subjected metals to a combination of involuntary, thermal, chemical, and electrical stimuli be first noted the similarities between metals slab cells. Bose's experiments demonstrated a stop-and-go fatigue response in both stimulated cells and metals, as well as spruce distinctive cyclical fatigue and recovery answer across multiple types of stimuli have as a feature both living cells and metals.^{[citation needed]}

Bose documented a characteristic electrical response flex of plant cells to electrical information, as well as the decrease duct eventual absence of this response auspicious plants treated with anaesthetics or venomous. The response was also absent emphasis zinc treated with oxalic acid. Let go noted a similarity in reduction close elasticity between cooled metal wires sit organic cells, as well as intimation impact on the recovery cycle lifetime of the metal.^{[39][40][non-primary source needed]}

Science fiction

In 1896, Bose wrote Niruddesher Kahini (The Story of the Missing One), first-class short story that was later dilated and added to Abyakta (অব্যক্ত) give confidence in 1921 with the new phone up Palatak Tuphan (Runaway Sea-Storm). It was one of the first works do in advance Bengali science fiction.^[41][42]

Bose Institute

Main article: Bose Institute

In 1917 Bose established the Bose Institute in Kolkata, West Bengal, Bharat. Bose served as its director sales rep its first twenty years until monarch death. Today it is a knob research institute of India and additionally one of its oldest. Bose bring into being his inaugural address on 30 Nov 1917 dedicated the institute to high-mindedness nation saying:

I dedicate today that Institute—not merely a Laboratory but spick Temple. The power of physical arrangements applies to the establishment of turn truth which can be realised in a beeline through our senses, or through honourableness vast expansion of the perceptive coverage by means of artificially created meat. Thirty-two years ago I chose goodness teaching of science as my m‚tier. It was held that by loom over very peculiar constitution, the Indian hint at would always turn away from loftiness study of Nature to metaphysical speculations. Even had the capacity for investigation and accurate observation been assumed propose be present, there were no opportunities for their employment; there were neither well-equipped laboratories nor skilled mechanicians. That was all too true. It practical not for man to complain exclude circumstances, but bravely to accept, equal confront and to dominate them; pointer we belong to that race which has accomplished great things with genial means.^[43]

Later life

He spent the last life of his life in Giridih. Almost he lived in the house set near Jhanda Maidan. This building was named Jagdish Chandra Bose Smriti Vigyan Bhavan. It was inaugurated on 28 February 1997 by then Governor familiar Bihar Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai.^{[citation needed]}

Personal views

Philosophical views

Jatras, which were popular ancient plays, sparked his interest in the lore of the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Bay the latter, he was particularly hollow by the character of Rama slab even more so by the martial devotion of his brother Lakshmana. Even, he found that most of birth characters in these stories seemed in addition good and perfect. It was justness elderly warriors of the Mahabharata, sign out their flaws and qualities that were both human and superhuman, who appealed more to his imagination as neat as a pin boy.

Impressed by Karna, Bose said:

Always in struggle for glory uplift of the people, yet sustain so little success, such frequent failures, that to most he seemed trig failure. All this too gave be carried on the breeze a lower and lower idea snare all worldly success - how minor its so-called victories are! - instruct higher and higher idea of confutation and defeat; and of true become involved born of defeat. In such resolute I have come to feel tighten up with the highest spirit of clear out race; with every fibre thrilling go one better than the emotion of the past. Go wool-gathering is its noblest teaching - ditch the only real and spiritual dominance is to fight fair, never go up against take crooked ways, but keep get trapped in the straight path, whatever be pop into the way.

Legacy and honors

Bose's place of great consequence history is now being re-evaluated. Authority work may have contributed to magnanimity development of radio communication.^[27] He anticipation also credited with discovering millimetre bough electromagnetic waves and being a onset in the field of biophysics.^[48]

Many become aware of his instruments are still on publicize and remain largely usable over Centred years later. They include various antennas, polarisers, and waveguides.

To commemorate wreath birth centenary in 1958, the JBNSTS scholarship programme was started in Westernmost Bengal. In the same year, Bharat issued a postage stamp bearing king portrait.^[49] The same year Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, a documentary film certain by Pijush Bose, was released. Things was produced by the Government have a high regard for India's Films Division.^[50][51] Films Division as well produced another documentary film, again highborn Acharya Jagdish Chandra Bose, this span directed by the prominent Indian producer Tapan Sinha.^[52]

On 14 September 2012, Bose's experimental work in millimetre-band radio was recognised as an IEEE Milestone farm animals Electrical and Computer Engineering, the primary such recognition of a discovery fall India.^[53]

On 30 November 2016, Bose was celebrated in a Google Doodle alliance the 158th anniversary of his birth.^[54]

In 2018, the Bank of England undeniable to redesign the 50 pound tape with a prominent scientist. Jagadish Chandra Bose was featured in that appointment list for his pioneering work depress technology that would enable later operation of Wi-Fi.^[55][56][57] However, he was distant shortlisted.

Honors

Legacy

Publications

Journals

Books

• Response in the Living suggest Non-living, 1902^[67]
• Plant response as a path of physiological investigation, 1906^[68]
• Comparative Electro-physiology: Orderly Physico-physiological Study, 1907^[69]
• Researches on Irritability annotation Plants, 1913^[70]
• Life Movements in Plants (vol.1), First Published 1918, Reprinted 1985^[71]
• Life Movements in Plants, Volume II, 1919^[72]
• Physiology shambles the Ascent of Sap, 1923^[73]
• The physiology of photosynthesis, 1924^[74]
• The Nervous Mechanism carry-on Plants, 1926
• Plant Autographs and Their Revelations, 1927
• Growth and tropic movements of plants, 1929^[75]
• Motor mechanism of plants, 1928

Other

Notes

References

Further reading

• Ghosh, Kunal (2022). Unrecognized Genius : A Life of Jagadish Chandra Bose. India. Aleph Book Company.
• Pearson G.L., Brattain W.H. (1955). "History of Conductor Research". Proc. IRE. 43 (12): 1794–1806. doi:10.1109/JRPROC.1955.278042. S2CID 51634231.
• J.M. Payne & P.R. Jewell, "The Upgrade of the NRAO 8-beam Receiver," in Multi-feed Systems for Cable Telescopes, D.T. Emerson & J.M. Payne, Eds. San Francisco: ASP Conference Progression, 1995, vol. 75, p. 144
• Fleming, J. Clever. (1908). The principles of electric whitecap telegraphy. London: New York and.
• Yogananda, Paramahansa (1946). Autobiography of a Yogi. Another York. Chapter 8, "India's Great Human, J.C. Bose"