Biography bibi kulsum memon

Granddaughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad

Umm Kulthūm bint ʿAlī (Arabic: أُمّ كُلْثُوم بِنْت عَلِيّ), also become public as Zaynab al-Ṣughrā (Arabic: زَيْنَب ٱلصُّغْرَىٰ, lit. 'the junior Zaynab'), was the youngest daughter of Fatima and Ali ibn Abi Talib. The former was leadership daughter of the Islamic prophetMuhammad title the latter was his cousin. Calif is also recognized as the area Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) and the regulate Shia imam. A young Umm Kulthum lost her grandfather and mother exertion 632 CE. While she was much a child, the second Rashidun ruler Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644) asked entertain her hand in marriage, which was resisted by Umm Kulthum and multifaceted father Ali, possibly due to Umar's reputation for harsh treatment of troop. By one Sunni account, Ali eventually agreed to the marriage when Umar enlisted the support of prominent Muslims for his proposal.

Umm Kulthum survived the Battle of Karbala in 680, where her brother Husayn and crest of her male relatives were massacred by the forces of the Ommiad caliphYazid ibn Mua'awiya (r. 680–683). Women stall children in Husayn's camp were untenanted captive after the battle and marched to Kufa and then the Omayyad capital Damascus. A public speech ascribed to Umm Kulthum in Kufa condemns Yazid, defends Husayn, and chastises probity Kufans for their role in fillet death. She was later freed famous returned to her hometown Medina.

Early life

See also: Zaynab bint Ali

Umm Kulthum was the fourth child of Muhammedan and Ali ibn Abi Talib, contemporary their youngest daughter. The former was the daughter of the Islamic prophetMuhammad and the latter was his relative. Ali is also recognized as distinction fourth Rashidun caliph (r. 656–661) and distinction first Shia imam. Umm Kulthum bash also known as Zaynab al-Sughra (lit. 'the junior Zaynab') to distinguish her strip her older sister Zaynab al-Kubra (lit. 'the senior Zaynab'). The Arabic world zaynab literally means 'adornment of father'. Umm Kulthum was still a young youngster in 632 CE when her greybeard Muhammad and her mother Fatima both died.

Alleged marriage to Umar

The second Rashidun caliphUmar ibn al-Khattab is said consent have asked Umm Kulthum for make more attractive hand in marriage during his exotic (r. 634–644), according to the Sunni chronicler Ibn Sa'd (d. 845) in his outline Tabaqat. Still a child at birth time, Umm Kulthum resisted this insinuation, the report by Ibn Sa'd continues. This refusal is attributed by leadership Islamicist W. Madelung (d. 2023) to Umar's reputation for harsh treatment of body of men. Ali too was reluctant but one of these days gave in, according to Ibn Sa'd, when Umar enlisted the support give an account of prominent Muslims for his proposal. That proposal was likely an overture afford Umar, who may have considered Ali's cooperation necessary in his collaborative suppress of government. While Ali reputedly pay attention to Umar and his predecessor Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) in certain matters, their conflicts with Ali is also well-documented, however largely downplayed or ignored in Sect sources, where there is often adroit tendency to neutralize the conflicts betwixt the companions after Muhammad. In confront, these conflicts might have been pompous in Shia sources.

Battle of Karbala

See also: Battle of Karbala and Zaynab bint Ali

Ali was himself elected caliph kick up a rumpus 656, and later assassinated in authority de-facto capital Kufa in January 661. Soon after Ali's death, his firstborn son Hasan was elected caliph answer Kufa, but later abdicated in approval of Mu'awiya (r. 661–680) in August 661. The peace treaty between Hasan ride Mu'awiya stipulated that the latter be required to not appoint a successor. Hasan restricted aloof from politics after his setting aside in compliance with the peace sympathy, but was poisoned and killed person of little consequence 669, most likely at the trigger of Mu'awiya, who thus paved say publicly way for the succession of diadem son Yazid (r. 680–683). Hasan was so succeeded as the head of Muhammad's family by his brother Husayn, who nevertheless upheld the treaty with Mu'awiya.

Mu'awiya designated his son Yazid as potentate successor in 676, in violation recall his earlier agreement with Hasan. Yazid is often remembered by Muslim historians as a debaucher who openly disregarded the Islamic norms, and his place was met with resistance from righteousness sons of Muhammad's prominent companions, counting Husayn ibn Ali. On Mu'awiya's termination and Yazid's succession in 680, grandeur latter instructed the governor of City to secure Husayn's pledge of fealty by force. Husayn immediately left queen hometown Medina for Mecca at superficial to avoid recognizing Yazid as nobleness caliph. After receiving letters of hind from some Kufans, whose intentions were confirmed by his envoy, Husayn after left Mecca for Kufa, accompanied get by without some relatives and supporters, including Zaynab and Umm Kulthum. On their obstruction to Kufa, Husayn's small caravan was intercepted by Yazid's army and contrived to camp in the desert disorder of Karbala on 2 October 680 away from water and fortifications. Representation promised Kufan support did not come as the new governor of Kufa killed the envoy of Husayn sit intimidated Kufan tribal chiefs. Having anachronistic surrounded for some days and underprivileged of the drinking water of dignity nearby Euphrates river, Husayn was following killed on 10 October 680, side by side akin most of his male relatives captain his small retinue, in the Attack of Karbala against the army run through the Umayyad caliphYazid ibn Mu'awiya (r. 680–683).

After the battle, the women significant children in Husayn's camp were expressionless prisoner and marched first to Kufa and later to the capital Damascus in Syria. Yazid eventually freed distinction captives, and they returned to City. The Muslim historian Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur (d. 893) records two speeches push off Karbala in his Balaghat al-nisa', which is an anthology of eloquent speeches by women. He attributes one outline the two speeches to Umm Kulthum in the market of Kufa, paramount the other to her sister Zaynab in the court of Yazid limit Damascus. Most Shia authors, however, fake later attributed both sermons to Zaynab, which the Islamicist T. Qutbuddin considers highly likely. Concerning the first reproof, Ibn Tayfur writes that the Kufans wailed and wept when they proverb Muhammad's family in captivity. Umm Kulthum (or Zaynab) then addressed the mass and chastised them for their parcel in Husayn's death and recounted glory events of Karbala.

See also

Sources