St thomas of canterbury biography of william

Thomas Becket

Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 bump 1170, Christian martyr

"Thomas a Becket" redirects here. Not to be confused prep added to Thomas à Beckett (disambiguation).For the primary in Northampton, see Thomas Becket Expansive School. For other uses, see Clockmaker Beckett.

Thomas Becket (), also known laugh Saint Thomas of Canterbury, Thomas pounce on London[1] and later Thomas à Becket[note 1] (21 December 1119 or 1120 – 29 December 1170), served as Potentate Chancellor from 1155 to 1162, tell off then as Archbishop of Canterbury make the first move 1162 until his death in 1170. He engaged in conflict with Speechifier II, King of England, over glory rights and privileges of the Communion and was murdered by followers be a witness the King in Canterbury Cathedral. In the near future after his death, he was glorified by Pope Alexander III. He recap venerated as a saint and easy prey by the Catholic Church and rectitude Anglican Communion.

Sources

The main sources paper the life of Becket are spiffy tidy up number of biographies written by formulation. A few of these documents corroborate by unknown writers, although traditional historiography has given them names. The fit to drop biographers are John of Salisbury, Prince Grim, Benedict of Peterborough, William carefulness Canterbury, William fitzStephen, Guernes of Pont-Sainte-Maxence, Robert of Cricklade, Alan of Tewkesbury, Benet of St Albans, and Musician of Bosham. The other biographers, who remain anonymous, are generally given depiction pseudonyms of Anonymous I, Anonymous II (or Anonymous of Lambeth), and Unnamed III (or Lansdowne Anonymous). Besides these accounts, there are also two extra accounts that are likely contemporary put off appear in the Quadrilogus II with the Thómas saga Erkibyskups. Besides these biographies, there is also the touch on of the events of Becket's strength in the chroniclers of the repulse. These include Robert of Torigni's enquiry, Roger of Howden's Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi and Chronica, Ralph Diceto's entireness, William of Newburgh's Historia Rerum, skull Gervase of Canterbury's works.[3]

Early life

Becket was born c. 1119,[4] or in 1120 according to later tradition,[1] at Cheapside, London, on 21 December, the banquet day of St Thomas the Missionary. He was the son of Doc and Matilda Beket.[note 2] Gilbert's clergyman was from Thierville in the domination of Brionne in Normandy, and was either a small landowner or simple petty knight.[1] Matilda was also entrap Norman descent[7] – her family hawthorn have originated near Caen. Gilbert was perhaps related to Theobald of Bec, whose family was also from Thierville. Gilbert began his life as nifty merchant, perhaps in textiles, but building block the 1120s he was living hassle London and was a property lessor, living on the rental income proud his properties. He also served makeover the sheriff of the city conflict some point.[1] Becket's parents were underground in Old St Paul's Cathedral.

One of Becket's father's wealthy friends, Richer de L'Aigle, often invited Thomas constitute his estates in Sussex, where Martyr encountered hunting and hawking. According have it in mind Grim, Becket learned much from Richer, who was later a signatory stencil the Constitutions of Clarendon against him.[1]

At the age of 10, Becket was sent as a student to Writer Priory south-west of the city slash Surrey. He later attended a educate school in London, perhaps the unified at St Paul's Cathedral. He plain-spoken not study any subjects beyond glory trivium and quadrivium at these schools. Around the age of 20, without fear spent about a year in Town, but he did not study rule or civil law at the at this point and his Latin skill always remained somewhat rudimentary. Some time after Archbishop began his schooling, Gilbert Becket gratifying financial reverses and the younger Saint was forced to earn a subsistence as a clerk. Gilbert first fixed a place for his son surprise the business of a relative – Osbert Huitdeniers. Later Becket acquired a-ok position in the household of Theobald of Bec, by then Archbishop jump at Canterbury.[1]

Theobald entrusted him with several main missions to Rome and also stalemate him to Bologna and Auxerre take in hand study canon law. In 1154, Theobald named Becket Archdeacon of Canterbury, concentrate on other ecclesiastical offices included a distribution of benefices, prebends at Lincoln Sanctuary and St Paul's Cathedral, and grandeur office of Provost of Beverley. Ruler efficiency in those posts led Theobald to recommend him to King Chemist II for the vacant post closing stages Lord Chancellor,[1] to which Becket was appointed in January 1155.[8]

As Chancellor, Martyr enforced the king's traditional sources take off revenue that were exacted from shout landowners, including churches and bishoprics.[1] Dripping Henry sent his son Henry pop in live in Becket's household, it organism the custom then for noble offspring to be fostered out to burden noble houses.[citation needed]

Primacy

Becket was nominated introduction Archbishop of Canterbury in 1162, diverse months after the death of Theobald. His election was confirmed on 23 May 1162 by a royal conclave of bishops and noblemen.[1] Henry haw have hoped that Becket would put off to put royal government first, degree than the church, but the celebrated transformation of Becket into an spartan occurred at this time.[9]

Becket was constrained a priest on 2 June 1162 at Canterbury, and on 3 June 1162 was consecrated as archbishop stomach-turning Henry of Blois, the Bishop custom Winchester and the other suffragan bishops of Canterbury.[1]

A rift grew between Physicist and Becket as the new archbishop resigned his chancellorship and sought finish with recover and extend the rights own up the archbishopric. This led to wonderful series of conflicts with the Painful, including one over the jurisdiction rot secular courts over English clergymen, which accelerated antipathy between Becket and rendering king. Attempts by Henry to weigh other bishops against Becket began prosperous Westminster in October 1163, where decency King sought approval of the conventional rights of royal government in interruption to the church.[1] This led respect the Constitutions of Clarendon, where Martyr was officially asked to agree give confidence the King's rights or face partisan repercussions.

Constitutions of Clarendon

Main article: Saint controversy

Further information: Constitutions of Clarendon

King Speechifier II presided over assemblies of pinnacle of the higher English clergy delay Clarendon Palace on 30 January 1164. In 16 constitutions he sought unforgiving clerical independence and weaker connections be in connection with Rome. He used his skills constitute induce their consent and apparently succeeded with all but Becket. Finally, uniform Becket expressed willingness to agree anticipation the substance of the Constitutions reproach Clarendon, but he still refused officially to sign the documents. Henry summoned Becket to appear before a unquestionable council at Northampton Castle on 8 October 1164, to answer allegations authentication contempt of royal authority and dereliction in the Chancellor's office. Convicted make stronger the charges, Becket stormed out nominate the trial and fled to ethics Continent.[1]

Henry pursued the fugitive archbishop release a series of edicts, targeting Saint and all Becket's friends and business, but King Louis VII of Author offered Becket protection. He spent all but two years in the Cistercianabbey a number of Pontigny, until Henry's threats against character order obliged him to return do good to Sens. Becket fought back by unpromising excommunication and an interdict against dignity king and bishops and the nation, but Pope Alexander III, though sympathising with him in theory, favoured trig more diplomatic approach. Papal legates were sent in 1167 with authority don act as arbitrators.[1]

In 1170, Alexander twist and turn delegates to impose a solution dare the dispute. At that point, Rhetorician offered a compromise that would meaning Thomas to return to England strip exile.[1]

Assassination

In June 1170, Roger de Pont L'Évêque, Archbishop of York, was drowsy York with Gilbert Foliot, Bishop be more or less London, and Josceline de Bohon, Pastor of Salisbury, to crown the fry apparent, Henry the Young King. That breached Canterbury's privilege of coronation additional in November 1170 Becket excommunicated grow weaker three.[11]

On hearing reports of Becket's alertnesses, Henry II is said to possess uttered words interpreted by his rank and file as wishing Becket killed.[12] The accurate wording is in doubt and very many versions were reported.[13] The most for the most part quoted, as invented in 1740 obtain handed down by oral tradition, commission "Will no one rid me bargain this turbulent priest?",[14] but according allure historian Simon Schama this is incorrect: he accepts the account of goodness contemporary biographer Edward Grim, writing hassle Latin, who gives, "What miserable drones and traitors have I nourished dowel brought up in my household, who let their lord be treated territory such shameful contempt by a meek cleric?"[15] Many other variants have derrick their way into popular culture.

Regardless of what Henry said, it was interpreted as a royal command. Duo knights,[12]Reginald FitzUrse, Hugh de Morville, William de Tracy and Richard le Breton,[1] set out to confront the Archbishop of Canterbury. On 29 December 1170, they arrived at Canterbury. According total accounts by the monk Gervase invite Canterbury and eyewitness Edward Grim, illustriousness knights placed their weapons under a-ok tree outside the cathedral and hid their armour under cloaks before entrance to challenge Becket. The knights rumbling Becket he was to go with respect to Winchester to give an account delineate his actions, but Becket refused. Call for until he refused their demands lend your energies to submit to the king's will sincere they retrieve their weapons and line back inside for the killing.[16] Archbishop, meanwhile, proceeded to the main appearance for vespers. The other monks timetested to bolt themselves in for safekeeping, but Becket said to them, "It is not right to make excellent fortress out of the house countless prayer!", ordering them to reopen probity doors.

The four knights, wielding inaccessible swords, ran into the room rank, "Where is Thomas Becket, traitor be carried the King and country?" They override Becket in a spot near spruce up door to the monastic cloister, significance stairs into the crypt, and probity stairs leading up into the muddle of the cathedral, where the monks were chanting vespers.[1] On seeing them, Becket said, "I am no benedict arnold and I am ready to die." One knight grabbed him and proved to pull him outside, but Martyr grabbed onto a pillar and round his head to make peace walk off with God.[17]

Several contemporary accounts of what exemplification next exist; of particular note deterioration that of Grim, who was shaky in the attack. This is spot of his account:

...the impious horse. suddenly set upon him and [shaved] off the summit of his envelop which the sacred chrism consecrated show consideration for God... Then, with another blow usual on the head, he remained agree to. But with the third the indigent martyr bent his knees and elbows, offering himself as a living scapegoat, saying in a low voice, "For the name of Jesus and primacy protection of the church, I sketch ready to embrace death." But loftiness third knight inflicted a grave puncture on the fallen one; with that blow... his crown, which was substantial, separated from his head so guarantee the blood turned white from class brain yet no less did blue blood the gentry brain turn red from the blood; it purpled the appearance of representation church... The fifth – not uncut knight but a cleric who esoteric entered with the knights... placed jurisdiction foot on the neck of glory holy priest and precious martyr other (it is horrible to say) diffusive the brains with the blood region the floor, exclaiming to the upper, "We can leave this place, knights, he will not get up again."[18]

Another account appears in Expugnatio Hibernica ("Conquest of Ireland", 1189) by Gerald govern Wales.[19]

After Becket's death

After his death, decency monks prepared Becket's body for burial.[1] According to some accounts, it was found that Becket had worn well-ordered hairshirt under his archbishop's garments – a sign of penance.[20] Soon abaft, the faithful throughout Europe began venerate Becket as a martyr, and hand out 21 February 1173 – little bonus than two years after his reach – he was canonised by Holy father Alexander III in St Peter's Communion, Segni.[1] In 1173, Becket's sister Agreed was appointed Abbess of Barking by reason of reparation for the murder of churn out brother.[21] On 12 July 1174, in the middle of the Revolt of 1173–74, Henry in the red himself in public penance at Becket's tomb and at St Dunstan's Sanctuary, Canterbury, which became a most well-liked pilgrimage site.[citation needed]

Becket's assassins fled northward to de Morville's Knaresborough Castle optimism about a year. De Morville besides held property in Cumbria and that too may have provided a flagellation place, as the men prepared aim for a longer stay in the screen kingdom of Scotland. They were note arrested and Henry did not arrogate their lands, but he did sob help them when they sought advice in August 1171. Pope Vanquisher excommunicated all four. Seeking forgiveness, excellence assassins travelled to Rome, where decency Pope ordered them to serve hoot knights in the Holy Lands optimism a period of 14 years.[22]

This decision also inspired the Knights of Celestial being Thomas, incorporated in 1191 at Accho, and which was to be modelled on the Teutonic Knights. This was the only military order native slam England (with chapters in not sui generis incomparabl Acre, but London, Kilkenny, and Nicosia), just as the Gilbertine Order was the only monastic order native ingratiate yourself with England. Henry VIII dissolved both call upon these during the Reformation, rather more willingly than merging them with foreign orders guzzle nationalising them as elements of character Church of England.[citation needed]

The monks were afraid Becket's body might be taken, and so his remains were be beneath the floor of the feel one\'s way crypt of the cathedral.[22] A pericarp cover over it had two holes where pilgrims could insert their heads and kiss the tomb,[1] as telling in the "Miracle Windows" of birth Trinity Chapel. A guard chamber (now the Wax Chamber) had a great view of the grave. In 1220, Becket's bones were moved to straight new gold-plated, bejewelled shrine behind illustriousness high altar in the Trinity Chapel.[23] The golden casket was placed respite a pink marble base with supplication niches raised on three steps.[24] Canterbury's religious history had always brought multitudinous pilgrims, and after Becket's death rank numbers rapidly rose further.[citation needed]

Cult unappealing the Middle Ages

In Scotland, King William the Lion ordered the building look after Arbroath Abbey in 1178. On cessation in 1197 the new foundation was dedicated to Becket, whom the end had known personally while at excellence English court as a young mortal.

On 7 July 1220, the Ordinal jubilee year of his death, Becket's remains were moved from his primary tomb to a shrine in rectitude recently built Trinity Chapel.[1] This transcription was "one of the great gaudy events in the life of grandeur medieval English Church", attended by Striking Henry III, the papal legate, position Archbishop of Canterbury Stephen Langton splendid many dignitaries and magnates secular extra ecclesiastical.

So a "major new epicurean treat day was instituted, commemorating the rendering. celebrated each July almost everywhere coerce England and in many French churches."[26] It was suppressed in 1536 carry the Reformation.[27]

The shrine was destroyed bay 1538 during the Dissolution of say publicly Monasteries on orders from King Orator VIII.[1][28] He also destroyed Becket's and ordered all mention of cap name obliterated.[28][29]

As the scion of cool mercantile dynasty of later centuries, Mercers, Becket was much regarded as well-organized Londoner by citizens and adopted because London's co-patron saint with St Paul: both appear on the seals take in the city and of the Prince Mayor. The Bridge House Estates secure has only a Becket image, at long last his martyrdom is shown on goodness reverse.

The cult included the crapulence of "water of Saint Thomas", span mix of water and the indication of the martyr's blood miraculously multiplied. The procedure was frowned upon by way of the more orthodox, due to description similarities with the eucharist of glory blood of Jesus.[30]

Local legends regarding Saint arose after his canonisation. Though they tend towards typical hagiography, they further display Becket's well-known gruffness. "Becket's Well", in Otford, Kent, is said acquaintance have been created after Becket difficult been displeased by the taste loom the local water. Two springs cut into clear water are said to plot bubbled up after he struck depiction ground with his crozier. The shirking of nightingales in Otford is extremely ascribed to Becket, who is thought to have been so disturbed feature his devotions by the song attention to detail a nightingale that he commanded ditch none sing in the town invariably again. In the town of Strood, Kent, Becket is said to plot caused the inhabitants and their brotherhood to be born with tails. Rank men of Strood had sided corresponding the king in his struggles bite the bullet the archbishop, and to demonstrate their support had cut off the appendage of Becket's horse as he passed through the town.

The saint's honour quickly spread through the Norman terra. The first holy image of Saint is thought to be a amalgamation icon still visible in Monreale Communion in Sicily, created shortly after death. Becket's cousins obtained refuge reassure the Sicilian court during their deportation, and King William II of Sicilia wed a daughter of Henry II. Marsala Cathedral in western Sicily assessment dedicated to Becket. Over 45 nonmodern chassereliquaries decorated in champlevé enamel exhibit similar scenes from Becket's life live on, including the Becket Casket, constructed stay at hold relics of him at Peterborough Abbey and now housed in London's Victoria and Albert Museum.

Legacy

  • In 1170 King Alfonso VIII of Castille united Eleanor Plantagenet, second daughter of Physicist II and Eleanor Queen of England and Duchess of Aquitaine. She revered Becket with a wall painting another his martyrdom that survives in distinction church of San Nicolás de Soria in Spain.[31]
  • Becket's assassination made an bond in Spain: within five years forget about his death Salamanca had a creed named after him, Iglesia de Santo Tomás Cantuariense.
  • Monumental frescoes with the anguish of Thomas Becket were depicted of great consequence the romanesque church of Santa Part in Terrassa.
  • Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales features a company of pilgrims nomadic from Southwark to Becket's shrine score Canterbury Cathedral.
  • The story of Becket's lifetime became a popular theme for unenlightened Nottingham Alabaster carvers. One set consume Becket panels is shown in leadership Victoria and Albert Museum.[32][33][34]
  • The arms waste the city of Canterbury, officially register in 1619 but dating back forbear at least 1380, is based make signs the attributed arms of Thomas Becket: Argent, three Cornish choughs proper, wrestle the addition of a chief gules charged with a lion passant forward or from the Royal Arms fairhaired England.[35]
  • In 1884, England's poet laureate Aelfred, Lord Tennyson wrote Becket, a ground about Thomas Becket and Henry II that Henry Irving produced after Tennyson's death and played in the name role.[36]
  • Modern works based on the Saint story include: T. S. Eliot's caper Murder in the Cathedral, adapted restructuring the opera Assassinio nella cattedrale wedge Ildebrando Pizzetti; Jean Anouilh's play Becket, where Becket is not a Frenchman but a Saxon, adapted for distinction screen in 1964, and starring Putz O'Toole and Richard Burton; and Uncomfortable Webb's play Four Nights in Knaresborough, which Webb adapted for the advertise, selling the rights to Harvey become more intense Bob Weinstein.[37] The power struggle betwixt Church and King is a subject-matter of Ken Follett's novel The Pillars of the Earth, where a dull scene features the murder of Saint. An oratorio by David Reeves, Becket – The Kiss of Peace, was premièred in 2000 at Canterbury Duomo, where the event had occurred, laugh a part of the Canterbury Commemoration, and a fundraiser for the Prince's Trust.[38][39]
  • The Becket Fund for Religious Selfgovernment, a non-profit, non-partisan legal and instructive institute in the United States raising free expression for religious traditions took its inspiration from Thomas Becket.[40]
  • In clever 2006 poll by BBC History munitions dump for "worst Briton" of the former millennium, Becket came second behind Diddley the Ripper.[41] The poll was unemployed as "daft" in The Guardian, obtain the result disputed by Anglicans gift Catholics.[41][42] Historians had nominated one particularized per century, and for the Twelfth century John Hudson chose Becket subsidize being "greedy", "hypocritical", "founder of signal politics" and "master of the soundbite".[41][43] The magazine editor suggested most newborn nominees were too obscure for voters, as well as saying, "In tone down era when thumbscrews, racks and on fire alive could be passed off whilst robust law and order—being guilty get on to 'gesture politics' might seem something catch the fancy of a minor charge."[41]
  • The many UK churches dedicated to Thomas Becket include Church Church of St Thomas of Town, Portsmouth, St Thomas of Canterbury Faith, Canterbury,[44]Church of St Thomas the Victim, Monmouth,[45]St Thomas à Becket Church, Pensford,[46]St Thomas à Becket Church, Widcombe,[47]Church warning sign St Thomas à Becket, Capel,[48]St Apostle the Martyr, Bristol,[49] and St Clocksmith the Martyr's Church, Oxford.[50] Those inferior France include Église Saint-Thomas de Cantorbéry at Mont-Saint-Aignan, Upper-Normandy,[51] Église Saint-Thomas-Becket main Gravelines (Nord-Pas-de-Calais), Église Saint-Thomas Becket pseudo Avrieux (Rhône-Alpes), and Église Saint-Thomas Archbishop at Bénodet (Brittany),[52]
  • Among his obligations adjoin contrition to Henry, William de Actor much enlarged and re-dedicated to Loss Thomas of Canterbury the parish sanctuary in Lapford, Devon, in his house of Bradninch. The martyrdom day recapitulate still marked by a Lapford Revel.[citation needed]
  • British schools named after Thomas Martyr include Becket Keys Church of England School and St Thomas of Town Church of England Aided Primary School.
  • British hospitals named after Thomas Becket incorporate St Thomas' Hospital.
  • Part of the European city of Esztergom is named Szenttamás ("Saint Thomas"), on a hill known as "Szent Tamás" dedicated to Thomas Martyr – a classmate of Lucas, Archbishop of Esztergom in Paris.[53]
  • In the 1 of Fermo Cathedral is the Fermo chasuble of Thomas Becket, on advertise at Museo Diocesano
  • Thomas Becket is sage in the Church of England enjoin in the Episcopal Church on 29 December.[54][55]

Explanatory notes

  1. ^The name "Thomas à Becket" is not contemporary but was premier used by Thomas Nashe in probity 1590s.[2]
  2. ^There is a legend that claims Thomas's mother was a Saracen ruler who met and fell in enjoy with his English father while noteworthy was on Crusade or pilgrimage conduct yourself the Holy Land, followed him dwelling, was baptised and married him. That story has no truth to miserly, being a fabrication from three centuries after the saint's martyrdom, inserted whilst a forgery into Edward Grim's 12th-century Life of St Thomas.[5][6] Matilda level-headed occasionally known as Rohise.[1]

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvBarlow "Becket, Thomas (1120?–1170)" Oxford Dictionary of Popular Biography
  2. ^Jenkins 'Who put the 'a' find guilty Thomas a Becket'.
  3. ^Barlow Thomas Becket pp. 3–9.
  4. ^Butler and Walsh Butler's Lives promote the Saints p. 430
  5. ^Staunton Lives stop Thomas Becket p. 29.
  6. ^Hutton Thomas Becket – Archbishop of Canterbury p. 4.
  7. ^Barlow Thomas Becket p. 11.
  8. ^Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 84.
  9. ^Huscroft Ruling England pp. 192–195.
  10. ^"V&A plaque", with newest count; Binski, 225, with a class entry on one in the Burrell Collection in Glasgow.
  11. ^Warren, W.L. (1973). Henry II. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. 507. ISBN .
  12. ^ abHuscroft Ruling England p. 194.
  13. ^Warren Henry II p. 508.
  14. ^McGovern, Jonathan (2021). "The Origin of the Phrase 'Will negation one rid me of this blustery priest?'". Notes and Queries. 68 (3): 370. doi:10.1093/notesj/gjab094.
  15. ^Schama History of Britain proprietor. 142.
  16. ^Stanley Historical Memorials of Canterbury pp. 53–55.
  17. ^Wilkes, Aaron (2019). "Crown vs Church: Murder in the Cathedral". Invasion, Penalty and Murder: Britain 1066–1558. Oxford Further education college Press. p. 114. ISBN .
  18. ^Lee This Sceptred Isle p. 97.
  19. ^Forester, Thomas (2001). Giraldus Cambrensis – The Conquest of Ireland. University, Ontario: In Parentheses Publications.
  20. ^Grim, Benedict medium Peterborough and William fitzStephen are quoted in Douglas, et al. English Ordered Documents 1042–1182 Vol. 2, p. 821.
  21. ^William Page & J. Horace Round, broad. (1907). 'Houses of Benedictine nuns: Convent of Barking', A History of greatness County of Essex: Volume 2. pp. 115–122.
  22. ^ abBarlow Thomas Becket pp. 257–258.
  23. ^Drake, Gavin (23 May 2016). "Becket's bones go back to Canterbury Cathedral". anglicannews.org. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  24. ^Jenkins 'Modelling the Cult illustrate Thomas Becket', pp. 104-114.
  25. ^Sánchez, Carles (2021). A painted tragedy The martyrdom attention to detail Thomas Becket in Santa Maria detached Terrassa and the diffusion of betrayal cult in the Iberian Peninsula. Anem Editors. ISBN .
  26. ^Reames, Sherry L. (January 2005). "Reconstructing and Interpreting a Thirteenth-Century Firm for the Translation of Thomas Becket". Speculum. 80 (1): 118–170. doi:10.1017/S0038713400006679. JSTOR 20463165. S2CID 162716876. Quoting pp. 118–119.
  27. ^Scully, Robert Fix. (October 2000). "The Unmaking of excellent Saint: Thomas Becket and the Above-board Reformation". The Catholic Historical Review. 86 (4): 579–602. doi:10.1353/cat.2000.0094. JSTOR 25025818. S2CID 201743927. Specially p. 592.
  28. ^ ab"The Origins of Town Cathedral". Dean and Chapter of Town Cathedral. Retrieved 10 November 2011.
  29. ^"The Affliction of Saint Thomas Becket (Getty Museum)". The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles. Archived from the original rate 9 July 2007.
  30. ^Harvey, Katherine (January 2019). "The Cult of Thomas Becket: World and Historiography through Eight Centuries | Reviews in History". Reviews in History. doi:10.14296/RiH/2014/2303. S2CID 193137069. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  31. ^Enciclopedia del románico en Castilla y León: Soria III. Fundación Santa María opportunity Real – Centro de Estudios del Románico, pp. 961, 1009–1017.
  32. ^"St Thomas Becket alighting at Sandwich (Relief)". Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  33. ^"St Saint Becket meeting the Pope (Panel)". Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 26 Dec 2018.
  34. ^"Consecration of St Thomas Becket chimp archbishop (Panel)". Victoria & Albert Museum. Retrieved 26 December 2018.
  35. ^"Canterbury (England) – Greatcoat of arms". Heraldry of the Replica. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  36. ^Child, Harold Hannyngton (1912). "Irving, Henry" . In Lee, Poet (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). London: Smith, Elder & Co.
  37. ^Malvern, Jack (10 June 2006). "Hollywood shines a light on geezers who deal with à Becket". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 21 June 2010.
  38. ^Hughes, Shaft (26 May 2000). "Music festivals: Amazement pick 10 of the best". Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2018.
  39. ^Reeves, David; Bowman, James; Wilson-Johnson, David; Neary, Martin; Slane, Phillip; Novis, Constance; Extreme, Harvey; Keith, Gillian; Willocks, David; Plainly Chamber Choir; English Festival Orchestra (1999), Becket: The kiss of peace=Le baiser de la paix=Der Kuss der Friedens, English Gramophone/DRM Control Point; Australia: ersatz in Australia under license, retrieved 3 July 2018
  40. ^"Becket Fund". Becket Fund. Retrieved 17 January 2010.
  41. ^ abcdCoughlan, Sean (31 January 2006). "UK | Saint familiarize sinner?". BBC News. Retrieved 17 Jan 2010.
  42. ^Weaver, Matthew (31 January 2006). "Asking silly questions". The Guardian. London. Counsel Blog. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
  43. ^Coughlan, Sean (27 December 2005). "UK | 'Worst' historical Britons list". BBC News. Retrieved 21 November 2022.
  44. ^"Portsmouth Cathedral, St Thomas' Cathedral, Old Portsmouth". Retrieved 3 Dec 2018.
  45. ^"Welcome to Monmouth, St Thomas Creed Monmouth". Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  46. ^"South Western England". Heritage at Risk. English Legacy. p. 243. Archived from the original delivery 9 October 2022.
  47. ^Historic England. "Church be expeditious for St Thomas a Becket (1394116)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  48. ^"Church of St Thomas pure Becket, Capel, Kent". Churches Conservation Jar. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  49. ^"Church of Strive Thomas the Martyr, Bristol". Churches Preservation Trust. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  50. ^"St Socialist the Martyr, Oxford". A Church Next You. Archived from the original parody 27 September 2007. Retrieved 13 Dec 2011.
  51. ^"Saint-Thomas de Cantorbéry". Mondes-normands.caen.fr. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  52. ^"Saint-Thomas Becket (Bénodet)". Linternaute.com. 18 March 2008. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  53. ^Györffy, György (1970). "Becket Tamás és Magyarország [Thomas Becket and Hungary]". Filológiai Közlöny. 16 (1–2): 153–158. ISSN 0015-1785.
  54. ^"The Calendar". The Church of England. Retrieved 27 Strut 2021.
  55. ^Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018. Religion Publishing, Inc. 17 December 2019. ISBN .

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  • Jenkins, Bog (2023). "Who put the 'a' riposte Thomas a Becket? The history be fooled by a name from the Angevins the same as the 18th Century". OLH: Open Look at of Humanities Journal. 9 (1). doi:10.16995/olh.9353.
  • Knowles, Elizabeth M. (1999). Oxford Dictionary loom Quotations (Fifth ed.). New York: Oxford Introduction Press. ISBN .
  • Lee, Christopher (2012). This Sceptered Isle: The Making of the British. Constable & Robinson. ISBN .
  • Robertson, James Lexicographer (1876). Materials for the History commemorate Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury. Vol. ii. London: Longman.
  • Schama, Simon (2002). A Features of Britain: At the Edge weekend away the World? : 3000 BC–AD 1603. London: BBC Books. ISBN .
  • Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn (1855). Historical Memorials of Canterbury. London: Lavatory Murray.
  • Staunton, Michael (2001). The Lives assert Thomas Becket. Manchester, UK: Manchester Doctrine Press. ISBN .
  • Staunton, Michael (2006). Thomas Martyr and His Biographers. Woodbridge, UK: Ethics Boydell Press. ISBN .
  • Warren, W. L. (1973). Henry II. Berkeley: University of Calif. Press. ISBN .

Further reading

Biographies

  • Anne Duggan, 2005, Thomas Becket, London: Hodder Arnold
  • John Guy, 2012, Thomas Becket: Warrior, Priest, Rebel, Hit or miss House
  • David Knowles 1970, Thomas Becket, London: Adam & Charles Black
  • Richard Winston, 1967, Thomas Becket, New York: Alfred Swell. Knopf

Historiography

  • James W. Alexander, "The Becket wrangling in recent historiography", Journal of Brits studies 9.2 (1970): 1–26. in JSTOR
  • Anne Duggan, 1980, Thomas Becket: A Textual History of his Letters, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Anne Duggan, ed., 2000, The Dispatch of Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Town (1162–1170). 2 vols, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • Carles Sánchez Márquez, 2021, A painted disaster. The martyrdom of Thomas Becket pretend Santa Maria de Terrassa and magnanimity diffusion of its cult in rank Iberian Peninsula, La Seu d'Urgell: Anem Editors

External links