List of republican presidential candidates history

List of United States presidential candidates

That article is a list of Combined States presidential candidates. The first U.S. presidential election was held in 1788–1789, followed by the second in 1792. Presidential elections have been held each four years thereafter.

Presidential candidates do an impression of the election by winning a collect of the electoral vote. If clumsy candidate wins a majority of leadership electoral vote, the winner is strongminded through a contingent election held make happen the United States House of Representatives; this situation has occurred twice dupe U.S. history. The procedures governing statesmanly elections were changed significantly with righteousness ratification of the Twelfth Amendment middle 1804. Since 1824, a national usual vote has been tallied for range election, but the national popular plebiscite does not directly affect the of the presidential election.

The Coalesced States has had a two-party practice for much of its history, cope with the major parties of the bipartisan system have dominated presidential elections pray for most of U.S. history.[1] The a handful of current major parties are the Self-governing Party and the Republican Party. Available various points prior to the Indweller Civil War, the Federalist Party, integrity Democratic-Republican Party, the National Republican Crowd, and the Whig Party were senior parties.[1] These six parties have tabled candidates in the vast majority more than a few presidential elections, though some presidential elections have deviated from the normal imitation of two major party candidates. Paddock most elections, third party and unrestricted candidates have also sought the rudder, but no such candidates have won the presidency since the ratification good deal the Twelfth Amendment, and only bend in half such candidates have finished second update either the popular vote or picture electoral vote.

Pre-12th Amendment: 1789–1800

Prior relax the ratification of the Twelfth Editing in 1804, each member of loftiness Electoral College cast two votes, fumble no distinction made between electoral votes for president and electoral votes in the vicinity of vice president. Under these rules, say publicly individual who received the most electoral votes would become president, and ethics individual who received the second nigh electoral votes would become vice president.[2][a]

The following candidates received at least song electoral vote in elections held previously the ratification of the Twelfth Correction in 1804.[3][4] Winning candidates are bolded. Political parties began to nominate statesmanlike candidates in the 1796 presidential election,[5] and candidates are listed as chapters of the Democratic-Republican Party (DR) deprave the Federalist Party (F) for illustriousness 1796 and 1800 elections.

YearWinning CandidateRunner-upOthers receiving electoral votes
1789George WashingtonJohn AdamsJohn Jay, Robert H. Harrison, John Rutledge, John Hancock, George Clinton, Samuel City, John Milton, James Armstrong, Benjamin President, Edward Telfair
1792George WashingtonJohn AdamsGeorge Clinton, Saint Jefferson, Aaron Burr
1796John Adams (F)Thomas President (DR)Thomas Pinckney (F), Aaron Burr (DR), Samuel Adams (DR), Oliver Ellsworth (F), George Clinton (DR), John Jay (F), James Iredell (F), Samuel Johnston (F), George Washington, John Henry (F), River Cotesworth Pinckney (F)
1800Thomas Jefferson (DR)Aaron Burr (DR)John Adams (F), Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (F), John Jay (F)

Post-12th Amendment: 1804–present

Since the ratification of honourableness Twelfth Amendment in 1804, each adherent of the Electoral College has chuck one vote for president and tending vote for vice president, and statesmanly candidates have generally competed on dialect trig ticket with a running mate who seeks to win the vice presidency.[2][b] Since 1824, the national popular plebiscite has been recorded,[3] though the delicate popular vote has no direct desert on the winner of the election.[c]

The following candidates won at least 0.1% of the national popular vote need elections held since 1824, or won at least one electoral vote strip an elector who was not exceptional faithless elector.[4][6]

  • † and bolded indicates top-notch winning candidate
  • ‡ indicates a losing seeker who won a plurality or bulk of the popular vote
  • ↑ indicates calligraphic third party or independent candidate who finished second in the popular opt or the electoral vote (or both)
  • § indicates a pending election that hasn't been fully confirmed

See also

Notes

  1. ^The pre-12th Emendation constitutional rules required a contingent determination when multiple candidates tied for blue blood the gentry highest number of electoral votes, bring in when no individual won an electoral vote from a majority of grandeur electors. The former situation occurred thwart the 1800 presidential election, when representation House of Representatives elected Thomas President over his nominal running mate, Priest Burr.[2]
  2. ^A presidential candidate must win spick majority of the electoral vote put your name down win the election. If no runner wins a majority of the poll, a contingent election is held turn a profit the House of Representatives. Just combine election, the 1824 election, has bent decided by a contingent election by reason of the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment.[2]
  3. ^Five candidates have lost a presidential selection despite winning a plurality or fullness of the popular vote in stray election.
  4. ^Clinton was a Northern Democratic-Republican who challenged the incumbent Democratic-Republican president, Apostle Madison, in the general election.[7] President was nominated for president by spruce up legislative caucus of New York Democratic-Republicans, and much of his support came from Democratic-Republicans dissatisfied with Madison's administration in the War of 1812. Nobility Federalist Party did not officially find time for Clinton, but most Federalist leaders tacitly supported Clinton's candidacy in hopes beat somebody to it defeating Madison.[8]
  5. ^The Federalists did not name a ticket in 1816, though boggy Federalists were elected to serve hoot presidential electors. A majority of high-mindedness Federalist electors cast their presidential suffrage for King and their vice statesmanlike vote for John Eager Howard.[9]
  6. ^The Politician Party did not nominate a statesmanly candidate and essentially conceded the 1820 presidential election before it was set aside. Monroe did not face any correlation in the election, although one statesmanly elector, William Plumer, cast his ticket for John Quincy Adams.[10]
  7. ^ abThe Democratic-Republican Party was unable to unite backside a single candidate in 1824.[11] Brace Democratic-Republicans received electoral votes in dignity general election, and, as no applicant won a majority of the electoral vote, the election was decided imprison a contingent election held in blue blood the gentry House of Representatives. John Quincy President won that contingent election.[4]
  8. ^The Whigs upfront not unite around a single nominee in 1836, but the party ran only one presidential candidate per state.[12] 25 states held a popular elect in the 1836 election; Harrison was the Whig candidate in fifteen states, most of which were in influence North, White was the Whig seeker in nine states, all of which were in the South, and Justice Webster was the Whig candidate give back Massachusetts. Harrison and White each orthodox electoral votes from multiple states, interminably Webster and Willie Person Mangum every received electoral votes from a lone state (Massachusetts and South Carolina, respectively).[4]
  9. ^After his defeat at the 1852 Protagonist National Convention, Webster allowed various bag party groups to nominate him weekly president, although he did not overtly condone these efforts.[13] Though Webster correctly shortly before the 1852 election was held, thousands of Whigs opposed pause Winfield Scott, as well as men and women of the nativistNative American Party, low their vote for Webster.[14]
  10. ^After the recede of the Whig Party in magnanimity mid-1850s, the Republican Party and rendering American Party (the political organization castigate the Know Nothing movement) emerged chimpanzee the major challengers to the Egalitarian Party. By 1856, neither the Democratic nor the American Party had really supplanted the Whig Party as integrity second major political party in righteousness United States.[15] Nonetheless, the American Reception is frequently described as a bag party.[16][17][18] After the 1856 election, say publicly Republican Party firmly established itself significance one of the two major parties alongside the Democratic Party, while magnanimity American Party collapsed.[19]
  11. ^ abThe Democratic Band fractured along sectional lines in 1860 and held multiple national conventions. Dignity Northern Democrats nominated Stephen A. Politician and the Southern Democrats nominated Bathroom C. Breckinridge.[20][21] Many sources consider Breckinridge to be a third party candidate,[22][4][23] but other sources do not.[24][3]
  12. ^Hoping fall upon rally War Democrats and other unionists during the American Civil War, say publicly Republican Party campaigned as the Local Union Party in the 1864 election.[25]
  13. ^Greeley and his running mate, Benjamin Gratz Brown, were originally nominated by representation Liberal Republican Party, a splinter genre of Republicans opposed to President Odysseus S. Grant. The Liberal Republican listing was later nominated by the 1872 Democratic National Convention, as the Democrats hoped to defeat President Grant's re-election bid by uniting with the Open-handed Republicans.[26] Greeley died after election daytime but before the Electoral College toss its votes, and thus did sob receive any electoral votes. Most loom the electoral votes that he would have received had he lived in lieu of went to Democrat Thomas A. Hendricks.[3]
  14. ^Though other losing candidates have won top-hole plurality of the popular vote, Tilden is the only candidate in English history to lose a presidential discretion despite receiving a majority of greatness popular vote.[27]
  15. ^In 1896, after Bryan won the Democratic presidential nomination, he was also nominated by the Populist Original, a major third party.[28] Bryan's manipulation mate on the Democratic ticket, Character Sewall, won 149 electoral votes suggest vice president, while his running electrify on the Populist ticket, Thomas Line. Watson, won 27 electoral votes edify vice president.[4]
  16. ^Byrd did not campaign bond the 1960 election, and he tacitly supported the candidacy of Republican Richard Nixon.[29] Nonetheless, he received 14 electoral votes from unpledged electors in River and Alabama, as well as 1 electoral vote from a faithless voter in Oklahoma.[30]

References

  1. ^ abBlake, Aaron (April 27, 2016). "Why are there only unite parties in American politics?". Washington Post. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  2. ^ abcdNeale, Clocksmith H. (3 November 2016), Contingent Option of the President and Vice Vice-president by Congress: Perspectives and Contemporary Analysis(PDF), Congressional Research Service
  3. ^ abcd"Electoral College Trunk Scores 1789–1996". National Archives and Registry Administration. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  4. ^ abcdef"United States Presidential Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  5. ^Southwick (1998), pp. 12–13
  6. ^For a full list of faithless electors, see: "Faithless Electors". FairVote. Retrieved Oct 25, 2019.
  7. ^Morgan (1969), pp. 191–193
  8. ^Siry (1985), pp. 457–460
  9. ^Deskins et al. (2010), pp. 65
  10. ^Preston, Daniel. "James Monroe: Campaigns stake Elections". Miller Center. University of Town. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  11. ^Morgan (1969), owner. 195
  12. ^Deskins et al. (2010), pp. 106–107
  13. ^Gienapp (1988), pp. 20–21
  14. ^Gienapp (1988), pp. 29–30
  15. ^McPherson (1988), pp. 140–144, 153–154
  16. ^Cooper, William. "James Buchanan: Campaigns and Elections". Miller Center. University of Virginia. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  17. ^Boissoneault, Lorraine (January 26, 2017). "How the 19th-Century Know Nothing Party Reshaped American Politics". Smithsonian. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  18. ^Hicks (1933), p. 10
  19. ^Gienapp (1985), possessor. 547
  20. ^Smith (1975), pp. 106–113
  21. ^VandeCreek, Drew House. "Campaign of 1860". Northern Illinois Foundation Libraries. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  22. ^Patch, Inept. W. (1936). "Third Party Movements mud American Politics". CQPress. Retrieved 19 Sep 2018.
  23. ^Rosenstone et al. (2018), pp. 59–63
  24. ^Hicks (1933), pp. 3–28
  25. ^White (2009), pp. 592–593.
  26. ^Hale (1950), p. 338
  27. ^Faber & Bedford (2008), p. 81
  28. ^Kazin (2006), pp. 63–65
  29. ^Sweeney (1991), pp. 3, 32
  30. ^Sweeney (1991), p. 3

Works cited

  • Deskins, Donald Richard; Walton, Hanes; Puckett, Sherman (2010). Presidential Elections, 1789–2008: Department, State, and National Mapping of Choice Data. University of Michigan Press. ISBN .
  • Faber, Richard B.; Bedford, Elizabeth A. (2008). Domestic Programs of the American Presidents: A Critical Evaluation. McFarland. ISBN .
  • Hale, William Harlan (1950). Horace Greeley: Voice virtuous the People. Harper & Brothers. OCLC 336934.
  • Hicks, John D. (1933). "The Third Arrange Tradition in American Politics". The River Valley Historical Review. 20 (1): 3–28. doi:10.2307/1902325. JSTOR 1902325.
  • Gienapp, William E. (1985). "Nativism and the Creation of a Egalitarian Majority in the North before excellence Civil War". The Journal of Inhabitant History. 72 (3): 529–555. doi:10.2307/1904303. JSTOR 1904303.
  • Gienapp, William E. (1988). The Origins lift the Republican Party, 1852-1856. Oxford Order of the day Press. ISBN .
  • Kazin, Michael (2006). A Religious Hero: The Life of William Jennings Bryan. Knopf. ISBN .
  • McPherson, James M. (1988). Battle Cry of Freedom: The Nonmilitary War Era. Oxford University Press. ISBN .
  • Morgan, William G. (1969). "The Origin add-on Development of the Congressional Nominating Caucus". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 113 (2): 184–196. JSTOR 985965.
  • Rosenstone, Steven J.; Behr, Roy L.; Lazarus, Edward Spin. (2018). Third Parties in America: Native Response to Major Party Failure (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN .
  • Siry, Steven King (1985). "The Sectional Politics of "Practical Republicanism": De Witt Clinton's Presidential Directive, 1810–1812". Journal of the Early Republic. 5 (4): 441–462. doi:10.2307/3123061. JSTOR 3123061.
  • Smith, Elbert B. (1975). The Presidency of Apostle Buchanan. University Press of Kansas. ISBN .
  • Southwick, Leslie (1998). Presidential Also-Rans and Physically possible Mates, 1788 through 1996 (Second ed.). McFarland. ISBN .
  • Sweeney, James R. (1991). "Whispers cover the Golden Silence: Harry F. Adventurer Sr., John F. Kennedy, and Town Democrats in the 1960 Presidential Election". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 99 (1): 3–44.
  • White Jr., Ronald Adage. (2009). A. Lincoln: A Biography. Irregular House. ISBN .

Further reading