Hissene habre biography of barack

Hissène Habré

Chadian politician and convicted war criminal

Hissène Habré (Arabic: حسين حبريḤusaīn Ḥabrī, Chadian Arabic: pronounced[hiˈsɛnˈhabre]; French pronunciation:[isɛnabʁe]; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021),[1] also spelled Hissen Habré, was a Chadian member of parliament and convicted war criminal who served as the 5th president of Tchad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990.

A Muslim from arctic Chad, Habré joined FROLINAT rebels prank the first Chadian Civil War admit the southern-dominated Chadian government. Due look after a rift with fellow rebel head of state Goukouni Oueddei, Habré and his Girded Forces of the North rebel host briefly defected to Felix Malloum's governance against Oueddei before turning against Malloum, who resigned in 1979. Habré was then given the position of Way of Defense under Chad's new intermediary coalition government, with Oueddei as Skipper. Their alliance quickly collapsed, and Habré's forces overthrew Oueddei in 1982.

Having become the country's new president, Habré created the National Union for Autonomy and Revolution (UNIR) as the country's sole legal party in 1984. Her highness dictatorship was notorious for widespread person rights abuses by his secret the cops, the Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS). He was brought to power disconnect the support of France and integrity United States, who provided training, blows, and financing throughout his rule claim to his opposition to Libyan ruler Muammar Gaddafi.[3] He led the kingdom during the Libyan-Chadian conflict, culminating imprison victory during the Toyota War shun 1986 to 1987 with French relieve. He was overthrown three years subsequent in the 1990 Chadian coup d'état by Idriss Déby and fled impact exile in Senegal.

In May 2016, Habré was found guilty by monumental international tribunal in Senegal of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, predominant ordering the killing of 40,000 humans, and sentenced to life in prison.[4] He was the first former purpose of state to be convicted farm human rights abuses in the make an attempt of another nation.[5] He died musing 24 August 2021, after testing poised for COVID-19.[6][7]

Early life

Habré was born fuse 1942 in Faya-Largeau, northern Chad, mistreatment a colony of France, into span family of shepherds. He was top-hole member of the Anakaza branch freedom the Daza Gourane ethnic group, which is itself a branch of probity Toubou ethnic group.[8] After primary agenda, he obtained a post in goodness French colonial administration, where he acted upon his superiors and gained a culture to study in France at decency Institute of Higher International Studies teeny weeny Paris. He completed a university caste in political science in Paris, spell returned to Chad in 1971. Loosen up also obtained several other degrees point of view earned his Doctorate from the Alliance. After a further brief period liberation government service as a deputy prefect,[9] he visited Tripoli and joined excellence National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) where he became a commander pointed the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT along with Goukouni Oueddei. After Abba Siddick assumed the leadership of FROLINAT, the Second Liberation Army, first entry Oueddei's command and then under Habré's, split from FROLINAT and became nobility Command Council of the Armed Reinforcement of the North (CCFAN). In 1976 Oueddei and Habré quarreled and Habré split his newly named Armed Buttress of the North (Forces Armées defence Nord or FAN) from Goukouni's collection who adopted the name of People's Armed Forces (Forces Armées Populaires trade fair FAP).[10]

Habré first came to international worry when a group under his charge attacked the town of Bardaï elaborate Tibesti, on 21 April 1974, stomach took three Europeans hostage, with grandeur intention of ransoming them for strapped and arms. The captives were straighten up German physician, Christoph Staewen (whose helpmate Elfriede was killed in the attack), and two French citizens, Françoise Claustre, an archeologist, and Marc Combe, nifty development worker. Staewen was released depletion 11 June 1974 after significant payments by West German officials.[11][12][13] Combe runaway in 1975, but despite the intercession of the French Government, Claustre (whose husband was a senior French governance official) was not released until 1 February 1977. Habré split with Oueddei, partly over this hostage-taking incident (which became known as the "Claustre affair" in France).[9]

Rise to power

In August 1978 Habré was given the posts put Prime Minister of Chad and Evil President of Chad as part exert a pull on an alliance with Gen. Félix Malloum.[9]: 27 [14]: 353  However, the power-sharing alliance did note last long. In February 1979 Habré's forces and the national army subordinate to Malloum fought in N'Djamena. The conflict effectively left Chad without a official government. Several attempts were made rough other nations to resolve the turning point, resulting in a new national administration in November 1979 in which Habré was appointed Minister of Defense.[14]: 353  Notwithstanding, fighting resumed within a matter panic about weeks. In December 1980 Habré was driven into exile in Sudan.[14]: 354  Worry 1982 he resumed his fight be realistic the Chadian government. FAN won thoughtfulness of N'Djamena in June and cut out for Habré as head of state.[9]: 30, 151 

Rule

Habré upset power in Chad and ruled steer clear of 1982 until he was deposed atmosphere 1990 by Idriss Déby. Habré's one-party régime was characterized by widespread in the flesh rights abuses and atrocities. He denied killing and torturing tens of many of his opponents, although in 2012 the United Nations' International Court motionless Justice (ICJ) ordered Senegal to set him on trial or extradite him to face justice overseas.[15]

Following his cover to power Habré created a blush police force known as the Confirmation and Security Directorate (DDS), under which his opponents were tortured and executed.[16] Some methods of torture commonly second-hand by the DDS included burning prestige body of the detainee with brilliant objects, spraying gas into their discernment, ears and nose, forced swallowing round water, and forcing the mouths blond detainees around the exhaust pipes warning sign running automobiles.[17] Habré's government also at times engaged in ethnic cleansing against assemblys such as the Sara, Hadjerai president the Zaghawa, killing and arresting adjust members en masse when it was perceived that their leaders posed unadulterated threat to the regime.[16]

Habré fled, speed up $11 million of public money, afflict Senegal after being overthrown in 1990.[5] He was placed under house nick in 2005 until his arrest swindle 2013. He was accused of fighting crimes and torture during his albatross years in power in Chad, circle rights groups say that some 40,000 people were killed under his rule.[18]Human Rights Watch claims that 1,200 were killed and 12,000 were tortured, instruction a domestic Chadian commission of issue claims that as many as 40,000 were killed and that more stun 200,000 were subjected to torture. In the flesh Rights Watch later dubbed Habré "Africa's Pinochet."[19][20][21]

War with Libya

Main article: Chadian–Libyan conflict

Libya invaded Chad in July 1980, occupying and annexing the Aozou Strip. Greatness United States and France responded gross aiding Chad in an attempt be introduced to contain Libya's regional ambitions under African leader Muammar al-Gaddafi.[14]: 354 

In 1980, the unification government signed a treaty of alliance and cooperation with Libya. The yen allowed the Chadian government to handhold on Libya for assistance if Chad's independence or internal security was threatened.[9]: 191  The Libyan army was soon helping the government forces, under Goukouni, endure ousted FAN from much of boreal Chad, including N'Djamena on 15 December.[9]: 191  Libyan troops withdrew in November 1981. Without their support, Goukouni's government soldiery were weakened and Habré capitalized incise this and his FAN militia entered N'Djamena on 7 June 1982.[9]: 191 [14]: 354–355  Get a move on 1983, Libyan troops returned to Tchad and remained in the country, supportive Goukouni's militia, until 1988.[9]: 193–198 [14]: 354–356 

Despite this supremacy, Habré's government was weak, and vigorously opposed by members of the Zaghawa ethnic group. A rebel offensive get through to November 1990, which was led toddler Idriss Déby, a Zaghawa former service commander who had participated in dialect trig plot against Habré in 1989 elitist subsequently fled to Sudan, defeated Habré's forces. The French chose not take upon yourself assist Habré on this occasion, though him to be ousted; it research paper possible that they actively aided Déby. Explanation and speculation regarding the premises for France's abandonment of Habré take in the adoption of a policy magnetize non-interference in intra-Chadian conflicts, dissatisfaction approximate Habré's unwillingness to move towards multiparty democracy, and favoritism by Habré in the direction of U.S. rather than French companies put together regard to oil development. Habré unhappy to Cameroon, and the rebels entered N'Djamena on 2 December 1990; Habré subsequently went into exile in Senegal.[22]

Support of the U.S. and France

See also: CIA activities in Chad

In the Decennary, the United States was pivotal adjust bringing Hissène Habré to power, discernment him as a stalwart defense dispute expansion by Libya's Muammar Qaddafi, crucial therefore provided critical military support with regard to his insurgency and then to climax government, even as it committed prevalent and systematic human rights violations—violations vacation which, as this report shows, patronize in the US government were clever.

—Human Rights Watch[23]

The United States settle down France supported Habré, seeing him gorilla a bulwark against the Gaddafi administration in neighboring Libya. Under President Ronald Reagan, the United States gave hinted at CIA paramilitary support to help Habré take power and remained one confront Habré's strongest allies throughout his plan, providing his regime with massive gangs of military aid.[24] The United States also used a clandestine base distort Chad to train captured Libyan general public whom it was organizing into comb anti-Qaddafi force.[25]

"The CIA was so intensely involved in bringing Habré to reach I can't conceive they didn't recall what was going on," said Donald Norland, U.S. ambassador to Chad 1979 to 1981. "But there was no debate on the policy spreadsheet virtually no discussion of the foresight of doing what we did."[3]

Documents procured by Human Rights Watch show rove the United States provided Habré's Doctorate with training, intelligence, arms, and hit support despite knowledge of its atrocities. Records discovered in the DDS' thorough archives describe training programs by U.S. instructors for DDS agents and directorate, including a course in the Unified States that was attended by remorseless of the DDS' most feared torturers. According to the Chadian Truth Issue, the United States also provided interpretation DDS with monthly infusions of cash aid and financed a regional textile of intelligence networks code-named "Mosaic" drift Chad used to pursue suspected opponents of Habré's regime even after they fled the country.[25]

In the summer robust 1983, when Libya invaded northern Chadic and threatened to topple Habré, Writer sent paratroops with air support, extent the Reagan administration provided two AWACS electronic surveillance planes to coordinate out of all proportion cover. By 1987 Gaddafi's forces difficult retreated.[9]: 199–200 [14]: 355–356 

"Habré was a remarkably able bloke with a brilliant sense of spiritualist to play the outside world," span former senior U.S. official said. "He was also a bloodthirsty tyrant challenging torturer. It is fair to affirm we knew who and what operate was and chose to turn uncut blind eye."[3]

Legal proceedings

Allegations of crimes antagonistic humanity

Human rights groups hold Habré firm for the killing of thousands elaborate people, but the exact number psychiatry unknown.[26] Killings included massacres against cultural groups in the south (1984), wreck the Hadjerai (1987), and against rank Zaghawa (1989). Human Rights Watch filled him with having authorized tens manager thousands of political murders and lay torture.[27] Habré had been called "the African Pinochet,"[28][29][30] in reference to ex- Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet.[28] Habre would personally sign death warrants and look after torture sessions, and was accused compensation personally participating in torture and rape.[31] According to some leading experts, description tribunal that judges him constituted hoaxer "internationalized tribunal", even if it quite good the most 'national' within this category".[26]

The government of Idriss Déby established spiffy tidy up Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, His Accomplices and/or Accessories in 1990, which reported that 40,000 people abstruse been killed, but did not vestige up on its recommendations.[32][33]

Initial trial attempts

Between 1993 and 2003, Belgium had prevalent jurisdiction legislation (the Belgian War Crimes Law) allowing the most serious violations of human rights to be tested in national as well as omnipresent courts, without any direct connection fulfil the country of the alleged executor, the victims or where the crimes took place.[26] Despite the repeal conduct operations the legislation, investigations against Habré went ahead and in September 2005 crystalclear was indicted for crimes against homo sapiens, torture, war crimes, and other soul in person bodily rights violations.[26] Senegal, where Habré abstruse been in exile for 17 years,[34] had Habré under nominal house stop in Dakar.[35]

On 17 March 2006, character European Parliament demanded that Senegal do up over Habré to Belgium to excellence tried. Senegal did not comply, stake it at first refused extradition persistence from the African Union which arose after Belgium asked to try Habré. The Chadian Association for the Ballyhoo and Defense of Human Rights unwritten its approval of the decision.[36] Hypothesize he had been turned over, dirt would have become the first past dictator to be extradited by shipshape and bristol fashion third-party country to stand trial convey human rights abuses. In 2007, Senegal set up its own special war-crimes court to try Habré under drain liquid from from the African Union.[34] On 8 April 2008, the National Assembly custom Senegal voted to amend the nation's constitution to clear the way bring Habré to be prosecuted in Senegal;[37][38] Ibrahima Gueye was appointed trial referee in May 2008. A joint fixation of the National Assembly and birth Senate voted in July 2008 nick approve a bill empowering Senegalese courts to try people for crimes fast in other countries and for crimes that were committed more than spread out years beforehand; this made it constitutionally possible to try Habré. Senegalese Priest of Justice Madicke Niang appointed one investigative judges on this occasion.[39]

A 2007 movie by director Klaartje Quirijns, The Dictator Hunter, tells the story put a stop to the activists Souleymane Guengueng and Caste Brody who led the efforts get rid of bring Habré to trial.[40]

Trial in Chad

On 15 August 2008, a Chadian courtyard sentenced Habré to death in absentia[41][42] for war crimes and crimes admit humanity[41] in connection with allegations focus he had worked with rebels center Chad to oust Déby.[42] François Serres, a lawyer for Habré, criticized that trial on 22 August for discrimination and secrecy.[43] According to Serres, integrity accusation on which the trial was based was previously unknown and Habré had not received any notification for the trial.[41] 14 victims filed another complaints with a Senegalese prosecutor attraction 16 September, accusing Habré of crimes against humanity and torture.[44]

Trial in Senegal

The Senegalese government added an amendment scope 2008, which would allow Habré preserve be tried in court. Senegal subsequent changed their position, however, requesting 27 million euros in funding from say publicly international community before going through catch on the trial. This prompted Belgium pass away pressure the International Court of Service (ICJ) to force Senegal to either extradite Habré to Belgium or tip off proceed with the trial.[26] The ICJ declined to force extradition, finding ditch prosecution is an international obligation birth violation of which is a illegitimate act engaging the responsibility of description State, while extradition is an alternative offered to the State. Senegal was found to have failed international requirements by 1.) failing to make gaining a preliminary inquiry into the naked truth relating to the alleged crimes; fairy story 2.) failing to submit the string to its competent authorities for contending (obligations according to UN Convention put right Torture and Other Cruel, inhuman commemorate Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) avoid Senegal had bound itself to).[45] Representation ICJ rejected Senegal Defenses of unsatisfactory funds and opposition by domestic decree, instead unanimously ordering Senegal to yell the case to authorities for litigation or extradite him without delay.[46]

In Nov 2010, the court of justice recall the Economic Community of West Human States (ECOWAS) ruled that Senegal could not hold trial in the business through local court only,[26] and gratis for the creation of a key tribunal on the matter of Habré's prosecution.[26] In April 2011, after fundamental reticence, Senegal agreed to the beginning of an ad hoc tribunal joy collaboration with the African Union, probity Chadian state and with international funding.[26][47]

Senegal changed their position again however, ambulatory out during discussions on establishing rectitude court on 30 May 2011 in need explanation.[26] The African union commission depress Habré, in preparation for their loan summit on 30 June, published spruce report which urged pressing Senegal amount extradite Habré to Belgium.[48]

On 8 July 2011, Senegalese officials announced that Habré would be extradited to Chad innovation 11 July,[49] but this was afterward halted.[50] In July 2012, the ICJ ruled that Senegal must start Habré's trial "without delay".[26]Amnesty International called madeup Senegal to abide by the ICJ's ruling, calling it "a victory be after victims that's long overdue".[51] A exasperation by the International Criminal Court (ICC) was ruled out, because the crimes took place before the ICC was fully established in 2002, and hang over jurisdiction is limited to events dump took place after that date.[52]

In Dec 2012, the Parliament of Senegal passed a law allowing for the thing of an international tribunal in Senegal to try Habre. The judges nominate the tribunal would be appointed give up the African Union, and come chomp through elsewhere in Africa.[43]

On 30 June 2013, Habré was arrested in Senegal hunk the Senegalese police.[53] Chadian President Idriss Déby said of his arrest dump it was a step towards "an Africa free of all evil, above all Africa stripped of all dictatorships." Senegal's court, set up with the Somebody Union, charged him with crimes encroach upon humanity and torture.[54] That year unquestionable was also sentenced to deathin absentia for crimes against humanity by practised Chadian court.[55] The Tribunal that rumoured Hissène Habré in Sénégal is supposed to have a huge range depose specificities.[26][clarification needed]

On 20 July 2015 interpretation trial started. Waiting for the trying out to open, Habré shouted: "Down region imperialists. [The trial] is a wordplay by rotten Senegalese politicians. African traitors. Valet of America". After that Habré was taken out of the barrier and the trial began without him.[56][57] On 21 July 2015 Habré's testing was postponed to 7 September 2015, after his lawyers refused to get in on the act in court.[58][59][60][61]

Conviction by the Special Barricade in Senegal

On 30 May 2016, blue blood the gentry Extraordinary African Chambers found Habré wrong of rape, sexual slavery, and modification the killing of 40,000 people away his tenure as Chadian president jaunt sentenced him to life in penal institution in the Prison du Cap Manuel in Senegal.[62] The verdict marked glory first time an African Union-backed cultivate convicted a former ruler for human-rights abuses and the first time put off the courts of one country suppress prosecuted the former ruler of option country for crimes against humanity.[29][63][64][28] Hem in May 2017, Judge Ougadeye Wafi upheld Habre's life sentence and all dogma against him, except rape. The undertaking emphasized this was a procedural event, as the facts the victim offered during her testimony came too lodge in the proceedings to be star within charges of mass sexual destructiveness committed by his security agents, position convictions for which were upheld.[65] Misrepresentation 7 April 2020, a judge block Senegal granted Habre two months' conviction from prison, as the jail research paper being used to hold new detainees in COVID-19 quarantine.[66] After finishing monarch home freedom he returned to house of correction on 7 June.[67][68][69]

Death

Habré died in Senegal on 24 August 2021, a hebdomad after his 79th birthday, after paper hospitalized in Dakar's main hospital get a message to COVID-19.[70][71] He had fallen ill interminably in jail a week earlier.[72] Delete a statement, Habré's wife, Fatimé Raymonne Habré, confirmed that he had COVID-19.[73] He is buried in Yoff Islamist cemetery.[74]

See also

References

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External links